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Test numero uno
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| during the 1800s, __1__ was derived from opium and __2__ was synthesized from morphine | 1. morphine 2. heroin |
| opiates are similar in shape to endorphins, and mimic their action by binding to _____ in the brain | endorphin receptors |
| cells are ___% water | 70-95 |
| water covers ___% of the earth's surface | 70 |
| the only common substance to exist on Earth in all 3 states of matter-solid, liquid, and gas. | water |
| human beings can survive for several weeks without food, but no more than ____ without water. | 1 week |
| the polarity of water molecules results in _____. | hydrogen bonding |
| life on Earth began in water and evolved there for ____ before it spread to land. | 3 billion years |
| the polarity of water makes it a good solvent for molecules that have ____ or atoms that are charged (ions) | charged regions, aka POLAR molecules |
| Four emergent properties of water that contribute to Earth's fitness for life. | 1. cohesive behavior 2. ability to moderate temperature 3. expansion upon freezing 4. versatility as a solvent |
| attraction between like molecules (ex. water molecules being held together by hydrogen bonds) | cohesion |
| attraction between unlike molecules (ex. water molecules being held to cell walls by hydrogen bonds) | adhesion |
| the force that allows the surface of a liquid to stretch without breaking. it is greater in water than most liquids. ex: overfilling a glass or the ability of some organsims to walk on water. | surface tension |
| ____ is due to the ordered arrangement of water molecules hydrogen bonded to one another at the surface of the water | surface tension |
| water resists changes in temperature because of ____. | high specific heat |
| the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius. | specific heat |
| the total kinetic energy due to motion of molecules within matter | heat |
| ___ is the measure of heat of matter. it represents the average kinetic energy, regardless of volume | temperature |
| the unit of heat | calorie |
| 1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie | 1 Calorie |
| water has a high ____ and cools surfaces as it evaporates | heat of vaporization |
| quantity of heat energy (in calories) required for 1 gram of a substance to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state | high heat of vaporization |
| the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the _____ in the atom's electron shells, mostly the outermost shell | distribution of electrons |
| electron in the atom's outermost shell | valence electrons |
| the number of chemical bonds that an atom ill form | valence |
| the chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the ____ in the outermost shell | number of electrons |
| an atom with an incomplete (partially full) electron shell is ____. | reactive |
| an atom with a full electron shell is inert, or ____. | not chemically active |
| atoms with _______ can interact with other atoms with incomplete valence shells. | incomplete valence shells |
| involves the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms; strongest of chemical bonds. ex: 2 hydrogen atoms | covalent bonds |
| an atom's capacity to attract and hold electrons within a covalent bond | electronegativity |
| the more ____ an atom is, the more strongly it attracts electrons toward itself | electronegative |
| ________ is what determines polarity of a molecule | relative electronegativity |
| no difference in electronegativity, electrons are equally shared between the atoms, bond is nonpolar (no dipole moment), which makes it hydrophobic (does not dissolve in water) | logic flow |
| atoms making up this bond are significantly different in their electronegativity. there is an unequal sharing of the electrons | polar covalent bonds |
| has to be separated by at least one of HCNO. the electrons are shared, but not equally | polar covalent bonds |
| occurs when 2 atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atoms strips an electrons from another atom | ionic bonds |
| cations have a positive charge because they _____. | donate electrons |
| anions have a negative charge because they _____. | accept electrons |
| deals with the energy required for inserting nonpolar molecules into water | hydrophobic interactions |
| polar and ionic substances are ____. | hydrophilic |
| hydrophilic describes the property of having an ____. | affinity for water |
| because something is hydrophilic does not necessarily mean it dissolves in water. there are a few exceptions. one being... | some molecules in cells are so large that they do not dissolve. they just remain suspended in the aqueous liquid of the cell. |
| increasing the structural organization of water is _____. thus, hydrophobic molecules or groups aren't soluble in water. | energetically unfavorable |
| at ____ temperatures, hydrogen bonds are broken and re-form. at 0 degrees Celsius or less, each water molecule hydrogen-bonds to four neighbors in a rigid lattic | warmer temperatures |
| while other substances condense when frozen, water expands, due to ____. | hydrogen bonding |
| water molecules can ____. this means that the hydrogen atom of one water molecule leaves an electron behind, and joins with another water molecule as a hydrogen ion. | dissociate |
| a substance which increases the concentration of H+ in a solution; proton donors | acid |
| a substance which reduces the concentration of H+ in a solution; proton acceptors | base |
| a substance which increases the concentration of OH- in a solution | base |
| ___ is the -log10 of the molar H+ concentration | pH |
| because the pH scale is a logarithmic scale, a change of one pH nit represents a _____ change in the concentration of H+ | ten-fold |
| the concentration of the hydrogen ion (aka proton or H+) in a solution | pH |
| substances that prevent large sudden changes in pH | buffers |
| electronegativity of hydrogen | 2.2 |
| electronegativity of carbon | 2.6 |
| electronegativity of nitrogen | 3.0 |
| electronegativity of oxygen | 3.4 |
Created by:
carliee
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