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Physio Assessment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hydrocarbons | Molecules made of hydrogen and carbon; they are hydrophobic; ex. gasoline, butter, cholesterol |
| Functional groups | groups of atoms attached to the hydrocarbon backbone; give molecules their unique properties, or functions. |
| Major functional groups | Hydroxyls of alcohols; Carbonyls of aldehydes and ketones; arboxyls of carboxylic acids; Aminos of amines; Sulfhydryls of thiols; Phosphates of organic phosphates |
| Hydroxyl | group with an –O-H attached to a hydrocarbon; alcohols Ex. the 2-carbon alcohol called ethyl alcohol or ethanol Alcohols are the least oxidized (most reduced) of all the oxygen-containing functional groups. |
| Carbonyl | double-bonded O attached to C; at end of molecule=aldehyde; In middle=ketone; double-bonded O without an H means that it's more oxidized Carbonyls CANNOT form hydrogen bonds with itself because there is no H attached to the O. |
| Carboxyl | a carbon to which a carbonyl AND a hydroxyl are added; most oxidized of all the functional groups; Can form hydrogen bonds. Mols with this group among the most acidic of all the organic acids. Found frequently in living organisms. ex. amino acids |
| Amino | A molecule containing a Nitrogen often as –NH2. May be located at the end or in the middle of a molecule. Often the decay products of proteins |
| Sulfhydryl | Name is combination of “Sulfur” and “hydryl” or “hydrogen-containing”;Have –S-H attached to the middle/end of a mol. sulfur is in same family as oxygen so forms 2 covalent bonds. Called thiols. |
| Phosphate | a phosphorus atom with 4 oxygens attached; Two oxygens often donate their H’s, so this group can carry a 2- charge, an anion, a negatively-charged ion; Nucleic Acids all contain this group; found in ATP; backbone of RNA/DNA |
| Life-Giving Properties of Water | Surface tension; Adhesion/cohesion:Water sticks to itself—cohesion, sticks to other polar mols—adhesion, trees; High specific heat: slow to heat up and slow to cool down; High heat of vaporization: sweat Ice floats Solvent of life |
| anion | a negatively charged ion |
| cation | a positively charged ion |
| Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, | an acid donates a proton or H+ a base accepts a proton or H+ |
| pH | the strength of an acid or the concentration of H+ in a solution |
| pH scale | pH scale ranges from 1 to 14 pH of 1-7 is acidic with the smaller number being more acidic pH of 7-14 is basic (or alkaline) with the larger number being more basic. pH 7, the dissociation of water, is neutral. |
| buffer | a combination of a weak acid and base that is in equilibrium. This maintains the solution within a narrow pH range. |
| Energy of activation | energy needed to be put into the system to get reaction to occur. |
| Endothermic (or Endogonic) reaction | More potential energy in the product than the reactants |
| Exothermic (or Exergonic) reaction | The potential energy in the reactant is higher than the products |
| enzyme | a protein that is a catalyst; increases amt of product in a reaction; can be reused many times. Reduces the Eact by ensuring that there are more successful collisions leading to product. made of a chain of amino acids folded into a characteristic shape |
| the active site | a pocket in the enzyme where the reaction occurs |
| Factors Affecting Enzymes | Cofactors and coenzymes Physical factors of concentration, pH and temperature Inhibitors |
| Cofactors | factors that work w/ enzymes to catalyze reactions, often located in the active site. Many are metal ions such as Magnesium (Mg2+), Calcium (Ca2+), Some are metals such as Iron We get these from our diet |
| Coenzymes | organic molecules that bind to the enzyme, often in the active site. Include:energy molecule ATP NADH, NADPH and FADH2 that transfer hydrogen ions and electrons. Many vitamins such as vitamin C, B1(thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), niacin, folate and B12 |
| Concentration of Substrate | as increased, enzyme activity will increase until the enzyme is working at maximum activity. At maximum activity, the enzyme is catalyzing the reaction as fast as possible so increasing this will no longer affect the activity. |
| Competitive inhibitors | molecules that sit in the active site of an enzyme preventing the substrate from binding |
| Noncompetitive inhibitors | attach to another site on the enzyme called the allosteric site. will change the shape of the active site, preventing the substrate from entering. |
| Feedback Inhibition | controls the amount of final product produced in cells. The final product acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor for the first enzyme in the pathway. |
| Diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (which we call “down the concentration gradient”) Does not require cellular energy in the form of ATP. |
| Passive Transport | substances move down their concentration gradient |
| Facilitated Diffusion | protein-assisted diffusion |
| Active Transport | substances move against their concentration gradient; requires energy |
Created by:
mbtrimm
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