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Science Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| most logical explanation; big bang theory | theory |
| the experimenter controls or decides what happens | controlled |
| the group that does not have an independent variable | control group |
| group that contains the variable | experimental group |
| factor the experimenter changes or tests | independent variable |
| factor that changes because of the independent variable | dependent variable |
| factor that stays the same for all groups in an experiment | constant |
| standard system of measurement used by scientists all around the world | metric system |
| difference between 2 points ; meter ; m ; meter stick | length |
| amount of space an object takes up ; liter ; L ; graduated cylinder | volume |
| amount of matter in an object ; gram ; g ; triple-beam balance | mass |
| amount of heat energy a substance has ; celcius ; c ; thermometer | temperature |
| d=m/v | density=mass/volume |
| solid, liquid, gas, plasma | phases of matter |
| solid that has particles that are arranged in a regular, repeating patter | crystalline solid |
| when a substance undergoes a change in one of its physical properties, but remains the same kind of substance | physical change |
| a. relationship between volume and pressure b. volume ^ = pressure v | Boyle's Law |
| a. relationship between temperature of a gas and its volume b. temperature ^ = volume ^ | Charles's Law |
| a. PV=nRT b. Boyle's + Charles's Law | Ideal Law |
| characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance ex. color,shape,volume,density,texture | physical property |
| describes how a substance changes into other new substances ex. flammability | chemical property |
| when a substance undergoes a change in one of its physical properties, but remains the same kind of substance ex. cutting a paper | physical change |
| chemically combining different substances to make a new substance ex. fireworks exploding | chemical change |
| 2 different types of homogeneous mixtures | colloid & solution |
| a. particles are mixed, but not dissolved b. particles will not separate c. appears cloudy ex. milk, toothpaste | colloid |
| 2+ substances in a single physical state | solution |
| metal solutions ; solids dissolved in solids ex. brass=copper+zinc | alloy |
| matter consisting of 2+ substances mixed together, but do not chemically combine | mixture |
| a. do not combine b. keep most of their properties c. can be separated by physical means | 3 main properties of mixtures |
| a. "least-mixed" b. doesn't look the same throughout the mixture ex. concrete | heterogeneous mixture |
| a. "well-mixed" b. looks the same throughout the mixture ex. milk | homogeneous mixture |
| smallest part of an element that has all the properties of an element | atom |
| particles that are smaller than an atom | subatomic particles |
| proton, neutron, electron | 3 main subatomic particles |
| large, heavy particles (+) | proton |
| large, heavy particles (0) | neutron |
| tiny, light particles (-) | electron |
| center of an atom | nucleus |
| wave that surrounds the nucleus of an atom | electron cloud |
| most likely location in an electron cloud in which an electron can be found | energy levels |
| the # of protons in an atom | atomic number |
| in a neutral atom, # protons = # electrons (true/false) | true |
| the # of protons + neutrons in an atom | mass number |
| average of the masses of the existing isotopes of an element | atomic mass |
| 2 atoms with different #s of neutrons | isotopes |
| particle that makes up all other known particles in the nucleus of an atom | quark |
| can either attract or repel the particles on which it acts | electromagnetic force |
| opposes the electromagnetic force of repulsion between protons | strong force |
| responsible for radioactive decay | weak force |
| the force of attraction exerted between all objects in nature | gravity |
| 1.strong force 2.electromagnetic force 3.weak force 4.gravity | strongest -> weakest force in the atom |
| number of valance electrons increases/decreases form left -> right on the periodic table | increases |
| energy to remove an electron increases/decreases from left -> right on the periodic table | increases |
| size of the atom increases/decreases from left -> right on the periodic table | decreases |
| size of the atom increases/decreases from top -> bottom on the periodic table | increases |
| metallic properties increases/decreases from left -> right on the periodic table | decreases |
| (family) vertical column on periodic table, tells # of valence electrons | group |
| horizontal row on periodic table, tells # of energy levels | period |
| a. left side of table b. luster (shiny) c. good conductors d. high density e. high melting point f. ductile g. malleable h. lose electrons i. corrosion- wearing away due to chemicals | metal properties |
| a. right side of periodic table b. dull c. poor conductors d. low density e. low melting point f. not ductile g. not malleable h. gain electrons i. brittle | non-metal properties |
| elements that have properties of metals + non-metals ; elements on step line | metalloid |
| a. white + shiny b. good conductors c. very reactive d. most active metals | Alkali Metals |
| a. 2 valence electrons b. never found in nature as uncombined elements | Alkaline Earth Metals |
| a. good conductors of heat + electricity b. lose electrons c. fairly reactive d. 1/2 valence electrons | transition metals |
| a. 3 valence electrons b. composed of metals and metalloids | boron family |
| a. 4 valence electrons b. composed of metals, non-metals, and metalloids | carbon family |
| a. 5 valence electrons b. metals, non-metals, and metalloids | nitrogen family |
| a. 6 valence electrons b. non-metals + metalloids | oxygen family |
| a. 7 valence electrons b. react with all alkali metals easily | halogen family |
| a. rare + found in small amounts b. normally unreactive but will be combined chemically under certain conditions | noble gases |
| a. lanthanoid series (1)- soft, malleable, high luster, conductivity b. actinoid series (2)- radioactive Th + U = only elements that occur in any extent in nature c. 2 rows at bottom of periodic table | rare-earth elements |
| the combining of atoms of elements to form new substances | chemical bonding |
| electron in outside energy level | valence electron (e-) |
| bonding that requires the transfer of electrons | ionic bonding |
| a charged atom | ion |
| the process of removing electrons + forming ions | ionization |
| the tendency of an atom to attract electrons | electron affinity |
| regular, repeating arrangement | crystal lattice |
| bonding in which electrons are shared rather than transferred | covalent bonding |
| chemists represent the electron sharing that takes place in a covalent bond | electron-dot diagram |
| 2 atoms covalently bonded (same element) | diatomic element |
| the combination of atoms formed by a covalent bond | molecule |
| covalent substances whose molecules are very large because the atoms involved continue to bond with one another (have high melting points) | network solid |
| a group of covalently bonded atoms that acts like a single atom when combining with other atoms | polyatomic ion |
| process in which substances undergo physical and chemical changes as they change into new substances with new physical and chemical properties | chemical reaction |
| shorthand way of representing a chemical reaction | chemical equation |
| atoms can not be created nor destroyed in a reaction | law of conservation |
| mass of reactants = __________ | mass of products |
| combination of chemical symbols used to represent a compound | chemical formula |
| number written in front of the chemical formula that tells the number of molecules of the compound | coefficient |
| number written to the lower right of the chemical symbol that tells the number of atoms of that element | subscript |
| coefficient X subscript | counting atoms |
| # of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation are not equal | unbalanced equation |
| # of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation are equal | balanced equation |
| combining 2+ simple substances to form a single more complex substance (2 things form 1) | synthesis |
| a complex substance is broken down into 2+ simpler substances (1 thing forms 2) | decomposition |
| a single, uncombined element replaces an element that is part of a compound | single replacement |
| elements in 2 different compounds replace eachother, 2 elements switch compounds | double replacement |
| energy is taken in by the reacting substances | endothermic reaction |
| energy is released by the reacting substances | exothermic reaction |
| energy needed to begin a chemical reaction | activation energy |
| study of the rates of chemical reactions; how quickly reactants change into products | kinetics |
| the rate of a _____ is affected by 4 factors: concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalysts | reaction |
| substance that increases the rate of a reaction, but is not changed in the reaction | catalyst |
| background or object that motion is compared to; most common is earth | frame of reference |
| a change in position in a certain amount of time | motion |
| rate at which an object moves | speed |
| speed that does not change over time | constant speed |
| total distance moved divided by the total time elapsed (d/t=?) | average speed |
| speed given in direction | velocity |
| the difference of the final speed and the initial speed | change in speed |
| rate of change in velocity | acceleration |
| determines how difficult it is to stop an object's motion | momentum |
| mass X velocity = ? | momentum |
| a push or a pull | force (Newtons) |
| equal forces being applied in opposite directions, no change in motion and no acceleration | balanced forces |
| unequal forces being applied in different directions, causes change in motion and acceleration | unbalanced forces |
| force that opposes the motion of an object | friction |
| when 2 solid surfaces rub together | sliding friction |
| created by wheels and ball bearings | rolling friction |
| caused by liquids or gases | fluid friction |
| substance used to decrease friction | lubricant |
| objects in motion stay in motion and objects at rest remain at rest...unless acted upon by an outside force | newton's first law |
| property of matter that tends to resist any change in motion | inertia |
| force equals mass X acceleration | newton's second law |
| for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction | newton's third law |
| region of space with no air resistance | vacuum |
| an instrument that makes work easier | machine |
| work that goes into a machine | work input |
| work done by the machine | work output |
| comparison of work output to work input | efficiency |
| a force acting through a distance | work |
| the rate at which work is done, or the amount of work per unit time | power |
| force applied to a machine | effort force |
| force that machine tries to over come | resistance force |
| a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point | lever |
| pivot point of a lever | fulcrum |
| ex. seesaw | 1st class lever |
| ex. door | 2nd class lever |
| ex. tweezer | 3rd class lever |
| a simple machine consisting of a large wheel rigidly secured to a smaller wheel or shaft called an axel | wheel and axel |
| rope or belt wrapped around a grooved wheel | pulley |
| pulley that does not rise/fall with the load being moved | fixed pulley |
| pulley that rises/falls with the load being moved | movable pulley |
| an even sloping surface | inclined plane |
| a modified inclined plane used to either seperate/hold devices | wedge |
| modified inclined plane with the threads of the screw as a type of circular ramp | screw |
| ability to do work | energy (joules) |
| energy associated with motion | mechanical |
| energy involved with the motion of the atoms of matter | heat energy |
| energy that exists in the bonds that hold atoms together | chemical energy |
| energy associated with moving charges | electromagnetic energy |
| energy from the fusing or splitting of the nuclei of atoms | nuclear energy |
| energy that a moving object has due to its motion | kinetic energy |
| energy of position; stored energy | potential energy |
| potential energy that depends on height above the Earth's surface | gravitational potential energy |
| changes in the form of energy | energy conversion |
| flow of charge | electric current |
| potential difference | voltage |
| increases voltage | step-up generator |
| decreases voltage | step-down generator |
| discovered relation between electricity and magnetism e->m | Hans Oersted |
| found out electricity could be produced from magnetism m->e | Michael Faraday |
| device with magnetic materials within its coils | electromagnet |
| process by which current is produced by changing the magnetic field | electromagnetic induction |
| long coil of wire that acts like a magnet when current flows through it | solenoid |
| device that uses electromagnets to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy | motor |
| device that uses electromagnets to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy | generator |
| traveling disturbance that carries energy from one place to another | wave |
| movement that follows the same path over and over again | vibration |
| wave that disturbs a medium | mechanical wave |
| wave that consists of electromagnetic field and doesn't require a medium to exist | electromagnetic wave |
| wave in which the motion of the medium is at right angles to the direction of a wave | transverse wave |
| wave in which motion of medium is parallel to the wave | longitudinal wave |
| the # of waves produced in a given amount of time | frequency |
| waves per second | hertz |
| amount of energy carried by a wave in a certain amount of time | intensity |
| current produced in a wire | induced current |
Created by:
jherb97
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