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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define antiseptic | a substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms; may be used on humans |
| define antisepsis | free of pathogenic organisms |
| define carrier | a person or animal who harbors and spreads an organism, causing disease in others but does not itself become ill |
| define contaminate | to make unsterile or unclean |
| define cycle of infection | a chain of events necessary for an organism to survive and to continue to grow, multiply, and possibly do injury to human life |
| define disinfectant | use of a chemical that can be applied to objects to destroy microorganisms |
| define double bagging | an infection control practice that involves place a bag of contaminated items into another clean bag that is held outside an isolation room by other personnel |
| define endogenous | growth within the body |
| define exogenous | growth outside the body |
| define fomite | an inanimate vehicle capable of carrying pathogens, such as a stethoscope, thermometer, or bandage that may carry pathogens |
| define host | a person, group, or animal that may be susceptible to a disease or illness |
| define infectious agent | a pathogen |
| define infection control | consists of policies and procedures of the hospital or other health care facility to minimize the risk of nosocomial or community acquired infections spreading to patients and other staff members |
| define isolation precautions | guidelines designed to reduce the link of transmission of blood borne pathogens and pathogens from moist body substances, i.e. blood, body fluids, non intact skins mucous membranes |
| define medical asepsis | clean technique; consists of techniques that inhibit the growth and spread of pathogenic microorganisms |
| define microorganism | an organism that cannot be seen by the naked eye, but can be seen with a microsope i.e. bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa |
| define mode of escape | the means or avenues by which the organism leaves the reservoir |
| define nosocomial infection | an infection acquired during hospitalization which was not present or incubating at the time of hospital admission, known as a hospital acquired infection |
| define reservoir | the place the organism needs to live in order to grow and multiply |
| define spore | bacterial structure formed to protest the bacteria; it helps the bacteria to lay dormant until environmental conditions become favorable to its growth |
| define standard precautions | combines universl precautions and body substance isolation |
| define sterilization | methods used to kill microorganisms |
| define surgical aspesis | sterile technique; destroys microorganisms |
| define vector | living vehicle that is carring a pathogen about |
| define vehicle | means by which organisms are carried about |
| define virulent | pertaining to a highly pathogenic or rapidly progressing condition |
| what is the difference between a disinfectant and a antiseptic solution? | the antiseptic may be used on humans, while a disinfectant is used on inanimate objects or fomites |
| what are some signs of inflammation? | redness (rubor), pain, loss of function, heat, swelling(edema) |
| what are the stages in the infectious process | incubation period, prodromal stage, illness stage, and convalescence |
| fever, chills, and headache are signs and symptoms of what kind of infection? | a systemic infection |
| define local infection | pain and tenderness at a the effected site |
| define nosocomial infection | manifests at least 48 hours after hospitalization usually highly virulent |
| define endogenous infection | caused by the patients own normal microorganisms which become altered and overgrow or spread to another body site |
| define universal precautions | (standard precautions) precautions established by the centers for disease control and prevention in an effort to control the spread of diseases |
| what agents can trigger the inflammatory response? | physical, chemical, and microorganisms |
| what signs and symptoms can develop when inflammation becomes systemic | fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, nause, vomiting, lymph node enlargement |
| what is the incubation preriod? | interval between entrance of pathogen into doy and appearance of first symptoms |
| what is the prodromal stage? | interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms (low fever, fatigue, malaise) to more specific symptoms, microorganisms grow and multiply; patient is more capable of spreading disease to others |
| what is the illness stage? | interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection (common cold, sore throat, sinus congestion) |
| what is the convalescence stage? | interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear (length of recovery depends on severity of infections and patients general state of health) days to months |
| how should you wash your hands? | wet hands, 20 seconds with soap only, scrub hands, rinse, towel dry, turn off faucet with towel |
| what are the elements necessary for infection to occur? | infectious agent, reservoir, exit route, method of transmission, entrance, host |
| what conidtions increase ones susceptibility to infection? | very young/old, stress, nutritional status, heredity, radiation, chemotherapy |
| what can you teach the patient about to prevent infection? | exercise, food handling, diet, medication, good hygiene, hand washing, SS of infection, aseptic principles, tube feedings, waste disposal, cleaning soiled linens |
| what are the tier 2 isolation types? | airborne, droplet, contact |
| what are some topics you would want to teach the patient about isolation? | about their disease, hand washing and waste disposal, explain to visitors or significant other |
| what is tier 1 isolation? | standard precautions designed for all patients |
| what are some psychological aspects you can help with for isolation patients? | patient stimulation, encourage visits, warm caring attitude, avoid negative behavior attitude, listen to patient, positive comments |
| how should patients with communicable diseases be grouped? | according to epidemiology of transmission |
| what body systems can increase your risk for infection? | homeostasis, immune functioning, respiratory functioning, skin, GI, and urinary system |
| what questions are vital to assess respiratory function? | does client smoke? adequate fluid intake to keep lung secretions thinned? how is oral hygiene? |
| bacteria are capable of defending against antibiotics by forming what? | a capsule (sticky protein prevents antibiotics from entering the cell) |
| what is the most important nursing intervention to stop the chain of infection? | hand washing |
| why would a patient be placed in contact isolation? | to prevent transmission of infectious microorganisms |
| whats the most important skill a nurse can use to protect each patient from an hai (hospoital acquired infection)? | hand hygiene |
| you are wearing latex gloves to treat a patient in isolation what is an important consideration? | assess for latex allergy |
| how long should you wash your hands with soap? | book says at least 15 seconds mimeo says 20 seconds |
| a patient is experiencing social deprivation what intervention by the nurse is appropriate? | set specific times the nurse will return to the patients room |
| 45 y/o man admitted with cellulitis of the right foot 3 days later he has bacterial pneumonia, what is this infection classified as? | health care associated |
| for sterile technique recently opened wrappers are considered sterile to within how many inches of their edges? | one inch |
| where should you hold sterile objects? | above waist level |
| would you use clean or sterile technique for inserting an IV? | sterile |
| during a surgical hand scrub the hands are held where? | above the elbows |
| when donning sterile gloves what part of the glove do you touch? | the inside for the first glove |
| how do you remove sterile gloves? | remove one, then use bare finers to push the remaining glove off from the inside |
| true or false, sterile fields and sterilized items are no longer sterile if they contact a clean surface | true |
| what intervention could you do for an angry isolated patient? | explain isolation procedures and provide meaningful stimulation |
| what should you be wearing when handling the contents of a sterile trat? | sterile gloves |
| when is alcohol based hand cleaner most effective? | on hands that are not visibly soiled with blood and body fluids |
| after changing a wound dressing with sterile gloves you should do what before taking vital signs? | remove the gloves and wash your hands |
| you will wear a gown during care of an infected wound for any patient in this type of isolation | contact |
| what type of isolation requires you wear a mask | droplet |
| which flap of a foley tray should be openened first? | the flap that opens away from the nurse |
| how is skin sterilized before a surgery? | its not possible to sterilize skin, but antimicrobial solution will eliminate most microorganisms |
| what is the recommended temperature of a patients room? | 68-74 farenheit, or as patient requests |
| can a patient have a fan in their room for ventilation? | no, but good ventilation is necessary to keep stale air and odors from lingering, the room should have built in ventilation |
| what can you do to help with odors in the patients room? | check empty rinse, the bedpans and urinals promptly after use |
| what is considered a comfortable humidity? | 30-50% |
| what are some physical factors concerning the patients room environment | interior design, neatness, privacy, comfort |
| how can you help your patient psychologically? | provide hope, cheer and ease grief, provide distractions, explain procedures and disease process, let patient express fears and concerns, patient participationin care |
| what is the expectation when it comes to privacy? | confidentiality in regards to personal information |
| what are some bed making responsiblities? | cleanliness and comfort, make postop bed before pt returns, make unoccupied bed when possible, make occupied bed when required, ensure theres no creases |
| when would you make an occupied bed? | when pt is on strict bed rest and will not be out of the bed |
| who is responsible for the initial assessment? | the rn |
| when does a patients history and assessment need to be completed? | within 24 hours |
| who is responsible for the ongoing assessment? | the lpn and rn |
| what are the 5 techniques used to perform a physical assessment? | inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion and olfaction |
| what are the three different assessments? | admission, shift to shift, focused |
| what is a da 3888 | a health history form |
| describe the content of the information on the 3888 | baseline health status |
| what two forms are used to document a nursing assessment | da 3888 and sf 510 |
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esjastad
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