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Homeostasis
Chapter 1 information for physiology lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the levels of cellular organization? | Cell Division & Growth, Cellular Differentiation, Tissue Formation, Organ Formation, Organ System Formation, Organism |
| Cell Division | Each human begins as a single cell which divides to form two cells, which in turn divide to form four cells, and so on. |
| Cell Differentiation | Cellular differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional properties. |
| Tissue Formation | Specialized cells associate with similar cells to form tissues; muscle tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue, and connective tissue |
| Organ Formation | Organs are composed of the four types of tissues arranged in various proportions and patterns |
| Organ System | An organ system is a collection of organs that together perform an overall function |
| Muscle Cell | The muscle cell is a specialized cell containing actin and myosin filaments that is capable of generating force and movements |
| Nerve Cell | A nerve cell is a cell in the nervous system specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals |
| Connective Tissue Cell | A connective tissue cell is a cell that is specialized to form extracellular elements that connect, anchor, and support body structures |
| Epithelial Cell | An epithelial cell is a cell that is specialized to selectively secrete and absorb ions and organic molecules, and for protection |
| List the 10 organ systems of the body | Circulatory, Nervous, Digestive, Immune, Integumentary, Musculoskeletal, Respiratory, Reproductive, Endocrine, Urinary |
| Circulatory System | The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body's tissues |
| Respiratory System | The respiratory system exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen and regulates the concentration of hydrogen ions in the body. |
| Digestive System | The digestive system functions in the digestion and absorption of organic nutrients, salts, and water |
| Urinary System | The urinary system regulates the composition of the plasma through the controlled excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes |
| Musculoskeletal System | The musculoskeletal system functions to support, protect,mobilize, the body, and to produce blood cells. |
| Immune System | The immune system functions to defend against foreign invaders, return extracellular fluid to the blood, and produce white blood cells. |
| Nervous System | The nervouse system functions to regulate many activities in the body including the detection of changes in the internal and external environment, states of consciousness, learning, and cognition |
| Endocrine System | The endocrine system functions to regulate and coordinate many activities in the body including growth, metabolism, reproduction, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and more. |
| Reproductive System | The reproductive system functions to produce sperm and eggs, provide a means of transfer of sperm to egg, provide a nutritive environment for the developing embryo and fetus, and to provide nutrition to the infant |
| What are the two types of fluid in the body? | Extracellular fluid and Intracellular fluid |
| What are the components of the extracellular fluid? | Blood plasma and Interstitial fluid |
| What proportion of the extracellular fluid is blood plasma | 20% |
| What proportion of the extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid? | 80% |
| How do interstitial fluid and blood plasma differ? | Blood plasma has a higher protein concentration |
| What proportion of total body water lay in the extracellular fluid? | 1/3 |
| What proportion of total body water lay in the intracellular fluid? | 2/3 |
| HCS Generalization #1 | Stability of an internal variable is achieved by balancing imputs and outputs. It is not the absolute magnitudes of the imputs and outputs that matter but the balance between them. |
| HCS Generalization #2 | In negative feedback systems, a change in the variable being regulated brings about responses that tend to move the variable in the direction opposite the original change toward the set point |
| HCS Generalization #3 | HCS cannot maintain complete constancy of any given feature of the internal environment. Therefore, any regulated variable will have a more or less narrow range of normal values depending on the external environmental conditions |
| HCS Generalization #4 | The set point of some variables regulated by homeostatic control systems can be reset--that is psychologically raised or lowered |
| HCS Generalization #5 | There is a heirarchy of importance, such that that constancy of certain variables may be altered markedly to maintain others at relatively constant levels |
| In what period of life might an acclimatization be irreversable? | During the "Critical period" |
| Under what conditions to circadian rhythms become free-running? | In the absence of environmental cues |
| How do phase-shifts occur? | A change in environmental cues will reset a biological clock |
| What are the important environmental cues for entrainment of body rhythms? | The light-dark cycles, temperature, meal timing, social cues |
| What are the three possible states of total-body balance of any chemical? | Negative balance, Positive balance, Stable balance |
Created by:
garciarussell
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