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BiologyLambie
Lambie's biology final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how does a cell control all of its activities? | proteins |
| what do structural protiens do? | build cell parts |
| what do enzymatic protiens do? | perform chemical activities |
| What controls (codes for) the protiens in your cells? | DNA |
| what ULTIMATELY controls the cells? | DNA |
| who developed the idea of DNA? | James Watson andFrancis Crick (1950s) |
| what did the developpers of the idea of DNA base their model off of? | clues from other scientists |
| role in DNA discovery: Rosalind Franklin | X ray diffraction |
| role in DNA discovery: Hershey-Chase | cell changes in response to viral injections (Hershey-Chase experiment) |
| role in DNA discovery: mitosis and meiosis | demonstrate dramatic changes |
| role in DNA discovery: species | each was different, but where do the changes lie; members of the same species have certain similar genetic traits) |
| role in DNA discovery: Chargaff's Rules | base pairs in equal amounts |
| DNA is the carrier of what | genetic material |
| Watson and Crick developed the DNA what? | model |
| who won the Nobel Prize in 1964? | Watson and Crick |
| helical structure | coiling due to hydrogen bonds |
| DNA has a __________ helix structure | double |
| what links together to form the helix structure of DNA | nucleotides link together to form each strand |
| each nucleotide (with oxygen in it) consists of | a phosphate group (has phosphate in it in between sugar groups), a sugar group (Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon atoms), and a nitrogenous base |
| instead of a sugar group what does a non-oxygen nucleotide have | deoxyribose (de-two; oxy-oxygen; ribose-ribose sugar) |
| what shape are nucleotides | pentagon |
| how are nucleotides formed | phosphate groups link to nitrogenous bases |
| base pairing | links two sides into double stranded molecules |
| complimentary bases bond with | hydrogen bonds |
| pyrimidines link to | purines |
| what bonds and rings do pyrimidines have | 2-3 bonds 1 ring |
| what bonds and rings do purines have | 2-3 bonds 2 rings |
| what bonds and rings does thymine (T) have | 2 bonds 1 ring |
| what bonds and rings does adenine (A) have | 2 bonds 2 rings |
| what bonds and rings does cytosine (C) have | 3 bonds 1 ring |
| what bonds and rings does guanine (G) have | 3 bonds 2 rings |
| thymine bonds with | adenine |
| cytosine bonds with | guanine |
| adenine bonds with | thymine |
| guanine bonds with | cytosine |
| purpose of DNA replication | to produce new daughter cells (cell reproduction) |
| DNA polymerases is also | DNA replication |
| step 1 of DNA polymerases | enzyme unzips double helix by breaking apart complimentary bases (process occurs at several spots along molecule creating replication "bubbles") |
| step 2 of DNA replication | enzyme holds complimentary bases in place using the old strand as a template/pattern; nucleotides are plugged into specific sites according to the rules of complimentary base pairing (T-A; C-G) |
| step 3 of DNA polymerases | new nucleotides connect to each other to form the sugar phosphate backbone; "bubbles" extend in both directions along the molecule and eventually merge, forming a completed strand of DNA |
| enzyme names end in | ace (ex.amylace) |
| sugar names end in | ouse (ex. glucouse) |
| how many strands of DNA are made in the 3rd stepnthesis of DNA polymerases | 2 DNA strands are being made: each consisting of 1 old part & 1 new part |
| protein synthesis | process that makes proteins |
| protiens are used as | structural components or as enzymes |
| what has direct control of a cell's function | proteins |
| what has indirect control(ultimately) of your cells | DNA |
| what are the 2 parts of protein synthesis? | transcription and translation |
| where does transcription take place | in RNA; formation of m-RNA from DNA pattern |
| what is RNA | ribose nucleic acid |
| on a very basic level what is translation | reading messages to arrange amino acids in order to create polypeptide (aka proteins) |
| in transcription what pairs with adenine (A) ? | Uracil (U) |
| name the pair in this transcription sequence: UAGCACC | AUCGUGG |
| RNA is ________ stranded | single |
| RNA has ________ instead of dioxyribose | ribose |
| DNA means | dioxyribose nucleic acid |
| step 1 in transcription | RNA polymerase finds promoter on DNA and starts unzipping the double helix |
| step 2 in transcription | another enzyme begins plugging in RNA complimentary bases (nitrogenous bases) |
| in transcription guanine pairs with | cytosine |
| step 3 in transcription | RNA nucleotides link together to join sugar phosphate back bone; DNA unzips then closes back up after copy; purpose is to make a copy of DNA |
| step 4 in transcription | completed m-RNA strand detaches from DNA and travels to the ribosome carrying the pattern; RNA is edited before being read (introns are edited out, exons remain); enzymes break up molecules |
| introns | extra DNA not needed to code a protein |
| what does unedited m-RNA look like | exon-intron-exon-intron |
| exon | DNA used to code a protein |
| finished m-RNA | exon-exon-exon-exon |
| where does translation occur | in the ribosome (made of r-RNA) |
| step 1 of translation | bring part of m-RNA strand into ribosome (m-RNA is too long to put it in at once so it's like putting a dollar bill into a slot slowly) |
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