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endocrine hormones18
a and p II chapter 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What cells produce CT-Calcitonin? | C cells or Parafollicular Cells |
| CT hormones function? | decrease blood calicum levels inhibits osteoclast |
| What cells produce T3 and T4? | Follice cells |
| What cells produce insulin? | Beta cells |
| What cells produce Glucagon? | Alpha |
| What cells produce Tymosin? | Reticular cells |
| What cells produce Testosteron? | Interatital cells |
| What cells produce Peptide hormones? | Delta cells |
| Define Exophthamlmos | protrusion of the eyeballs...throid disorder |
| Myxedema | adult hypothryoidism. decreased TH subcutaneous sweeling, low body temp |
| Edemic goiter | thyroid disorder.. Iodine deficiency. No TH, No feedback. Increased TSH |
| Toxic goiter | thyroid disorder Graves disease |
| Thyrois Storm | thyroid disorder life threating emotional stress... |
| Goiter | enlarged thyroid caused by lack of Iodine |
| Cretinism | underproduction of thyroid hormone in infancy. |
| What cells produce PTH? | Chief or principal cells. (they increase Calcium. |
| Hypoparathyroid | removal |
| Hyperparathryoid | tumor...causes soft fragile bones. increased calcium |
| Chromaffin cells | releases the chemicals found in the medulla |
| E Epinephrine | alpha and beta cells. its a neurotransmitter fight or flight |
| GAS | General Adaptaive syndrome 3 stages Alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| What ae the 3 stages in GAS? | Alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| What layer is the Zona Glomerulosa? | outer most layer inthe Adrenal Cortex |
| What layer is the Zona Fasciclata? | middle layer in the adrenal cortex |
| What layer is the Zona Reticularis? | inner most layer in the adrenal cortex |
| Mineralcorticords do what and are where? | in the Zona Glomerulosa and control the eletrolyete balance. aldosterone pomotes Na+ and K+ excretion |
| Gloucocorticords | in the Zone Fasciclata and response to ACTH |
| What hormone depresses inflammation? | Gloucocorticord |
| What hormones are in the Zone reticularisum? | sex steriod hormones Androgen and estrogen |
| Renin | Angiotensin system |
| Addisons disease | hyposecretion of Gloucocorticords and Mineralcorticords in the adrenal cortex inablitiy to maintain glucose levels |
| F cels produce what hormone? | PP-pancreatic polypeptide inhibtis gallbladder contraction |
| Delta cells produce what hormone? | GH-IH- Somatostation inhibits glucagon and insulin seretion. |
| Cushings syndrome | hypersecretion of glucocorticords obesisty, |
| Glycosuria | glucose in the urine |
| Polyuria | excessiv amt of urine: sign of diabetes |
| Glucagon VS Glycogen | Glucagon-a hormone secreted by alpha cells Glycogen-energy reserve |
| Gluconeogenesis | synthesis of glucose |
| Progesterone | screted by the corpus luteum after ovulation |
| polydipsia | chronic excessive thirst and fluid intake |
| polyphagia | eating too much |
| Acromegaly | overproductio of GH after adolescence |
| GH | an Adenohypophysis hormone |
| Gigantism | Excessive growth and too much height due to chronic overactivity of the pituitary gland |
| Pancreas has 4 hormones. What are they? | Alpha, beta, delta, and F isle cells. |
| Isthmus | a central mass connecting the 2 thyroid glans. |
| Where is the Thyroid gland | Anterio aspect, inferior to the adams apple |
| TH-Thyroid hormones | to groups associated w regulating celluar metabolism and calcium homeostasis |
| Parathyroid gland, what cells? | mostly Chief cells-darker stained Oxyphil cells-lighter |
| PTH | parhyroid hormone-anatagonistic to Calcitonin from the thyroid gland. manitaining blood calcium level by stim osteoclast. |
| Parathyroid gland is locATED where? | posteriorly on the thyroid gland |
| Hyperthyroidism | occurs when the thyroid produces too much T3 and T4. |
| Thymus gland is where? | inferior to the thyroid. hormones scrected facilitate development of the immune system. large in kids then adults. 2 lobes |
| Thymus gland-what cells? | reticular cells |
| Thymic corpuscles | in the medulla, reticular cells cluster together=forming thymic corps. |
| Lymphocytes | WBC that eventually enter the blood from thymic corpuscle. |
| tymosin | hormones in the thymus. maturation of immune sys. |
| Lypolysis | fatty acid decomposition |
| Splanchin Nerve | how the Adrenal medulla receives |
| Catecholamine define | any of a group of sympathomimetic amines (including dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), |
| catecholamine info | reach their target organ and bind with Adrenergic receptors, which divid ino Alpha and Beta types. |
| Epinephrine | binds with Alpha and Beta cells. Increases Glycogen breakdown. AKA catecholamine is a biogenic amines or a natural occuring. |
| Chromafin Cells | are the cels of the Adrenal medulLA,which have vesicles filled with E and NE. |
| Cortisol define | is the Cheif steroid hormorne. Zona Fasciculata scretes. increases glucose. Stimulates Gluconeogenic in LIVER and kidneys. Promotes long-term metabolic adaptation 2 stress. Negative feedback decreases high levels. |
| gluconeogenesis | Formation of glucose from glycerol and proteins rather than from carbs. stimulated by cortisol. |
| CRH | Corticotropin release hormone. Stress-releases CRH from hypothalamus-CRH stim ACTH(anterior pitu.) |
| Glycogen | storage of glucose...liver. |
| Glucagon | Hormone...induces breakdon of glycogen to glucose. Hypoglucemic. |
| Arenal gland hormones | Cortex-Aldosterone, cortisol, androgens. Medulla-E and NE |
| Islets of the Pancreas-cells and hormones | Acini cells Glucagon/alpha and insulin/beta. |
| Aldrosteron functions | reabsorbs Sodium in kidneys. 2 much? increased BP. +Diabetes Adrenal secretion of K+ |
| Renin | decreased blood pressure-specialized cells release in the kidneys. Bond with |
| Principle cells are where? | Parathyroid |
| Parafollicular cells are? | C Cells of the Thyroid, and produce CT-humeral hormone. Thyroid needs Iodine. |
| Aldosterone define | steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid family) produced by the outer (zona glomerulosa) |
| zona glomerulosa | outer adrenal glAND- |
| SUPARENDAL cORTEX PRODUCES WHAT KIND OF HORMONES? | corticosteriods. corticosteroids are synthesized from cholesterol within the adrenal cortex. |
| Aldosterone is stimulated by what factor? | lower BP-then increased osmolarity in the extracellular fluid, which will eventually return blood pressure toward normal. Aldosterone-gets converted into testerone-during steroid use. |
| aldosterone mineralcorticoid receptor (MR) | complex binds on the DNA to specific hormone response |
| HYPOPHYSIS | aka pitiuary gland |
| Endocrine glands do not have ducts. | Exocrine glands have ducts |
| cAMP | Cyclic AMP is a second messenger; the hormone is the first messenger. |
| Steroid Hormones | enter the cell and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm.binds w chromatin and activates specific genes. DNA contain information to produce protein as diagrammed below. When genes are active, protein is produced. |
| Peptide hormones | Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids. A peptide hormone binds to a cell-surface receptor, it does not enter the cell. |
| Hormones released by the posterior lobe are synthesized by neurons in the hypothalamus | |
| Up regulation | the present of hormone. |
| down regulation | the absent of hormones |
| Endocrine glands | intracelluar effect. alter metablism. |
| Graafian follicle | during ovarine cycle, folicular cells turn into. thn reputures to release an egg and becomes corpus luteum. Secrects estrogen. A mature ovarian follicle |
| Interstital cells | secrect the male sex hormone Testerone |
| Zona reticulais | inner layer of the arendal cortex. produces androgens-male sex hormone. |
| Zona glomerulosa | outer layer of adrenal corte, produces mineralocor. |
| Seminiferous tubules | produce sperm, |
| what and y is the ____the master gland? | the pituitary gland. bc it has a critical role in regulating endocrin fucntion. produces hormones that control many other glands. |
| Oocytes are? | Eggs |
| cells the produce insulin? | beta and islet |
| osmoreceptor | a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus. ADH of the post lobe is stimulated bc ADH is released when BP drops. |
| where is the Pit. gland located? | sella turcica. 9 hormones. 7-anterior lobe- Tropic hormones. Hormonal stim! 2 posterior lobe. |
| Pars intermedia | produce POMC-which is processed into ACTH and endrophins. |
| ADH | stimulated by dehydration, pain, stress, Ach. Hyposecretion=Diabetes insipidus. Hypersecretion= aka vasopressin. HIGH BP. and constriction of arterioles. |
| Diabetes insipidus | Hyposecretion of ADH from the Hypothalamus to the posterior pituary gland via TRACT. 10X more urine flow. Insipidus means-tastless. |
| ACTH | regulates response to stress and secrection of gluocorticords.- Hyper-Cushings Hpo-Addisons |
| GH | somatomedin. hyper-gigantism Hypo-pituitary dwarfism upon adulthood-hyper-acromegaly giantisum. Levels- higher during first 2 hrs of sleep. |
| acromegaly | gigantism upon adulthood-may cause beta cell burnout=diabetes mellitus. thickening of bones, soft tissues, hands feet. |
| Hypopituitarism | dwarfism |
| SAD | pineal gland. increased melatonin in SAD and PMS. pineal gland aka epiphysis cerebri |
| what is the largest gland in the body? | Thyroid gland |
| Eustress | good stress |
| Distress | bad stres |
| ANP | atrial natriuectic peptide. high BP in the atria of the heart to release ANP.=renin and aldosteron is blocked. |
| Aldosteronism | hypersecretion of Aldosterone. ause hypertension, edama, loss of K+ contributes o addisons. |
Created by:
Nicolercronin11
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