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A & P Hopkins Lab 2
A & P Hopkins Lab Practical 2 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Frontal bone (1) | Forehead, goes back to coronal suture, down to the bridge of the nose, forms top part of eye sockets. Looking inside forms floor/roof above eye sockets (coronal/frontal suture joins with parietal bones) |
| Parietal bones (2) | The two parietal bones are separated by saggital suture. Anterior portion meets frontal bone at coronal suture. Per hopkins, sidewalls of cranium. |
| Temporal bones (2) | one on each side in the ear region |
| Temporal bones - Zygomatic processes (2) | the thin strip of bone in the front portion of the temporal bone that butts up to the zygomatic bones. |
| Temporal bones - squamous sutures (2) | The suture between the temporal and the parietal bones. |
| Temporal bones - Mastoid processes (2) | located at the lower portion of the temporal bone, knobby structure where muscles attach (also knobby structure below ext. auditory meatus) |
| Temporal bones - Mandibular fossa (2) | The "cups" that hold the mandibular condyles |
| Temporal bones - external auditory meatus (2) | passage/hole in temporal bone for ear |
| Occipital bone (1) | Back of cranium where skull meets neck |
| Occipital bone - Lambdoidal suture | the suture that connects the occipital bone with the parietal bones. |
| Occipital bone - Foramen magnum (1) | big hole in occipital bone where brain enters the spinal column. |
| Occipital bone - Occipital condyles (2) | The two knobs on either side of the foramen magnum that articulates with atlas. |
| Sphenoid bone (1) | Can best be seen from the inside, looks like an owl coming in for a landing. Also can be seen from the side as the back wall of the temple depression. Can see from the orbits of the eye, forms back wall of orbit. (has cella turcica) |
| Ethmoid bone (1) | looking inside, it is the triangle area between the roof of the orbitals. From the front, it forms the inner/medial walls of the orbitals. Can also see inside the nose, it forms the top of the nasal area as well as the septum. |
| Mandible (1) | The body of the madible forms the jaw. |
| Mandible - Mandibular condyles (2) | The knobs on either side of the jaw that fit into the temporal bone. |
| Mandible - Coronoid processes (2) | The non-knob flat structures on mandible in front of the mandibular condyles |
| Maxilla (2) | the 2 bones that form the upper lip and palate area |
| Maxilla - palatine processes (2) | The part of the maxilla that forms the roof of the mouth |
| Maxilla - infraorbital foramen (2) | The small holes in the Maxilla below each orbit |
| Zygomatics (2) | Cheek bones, form the lateral/outside walls of the orbits and meets up with zygomatic process which is part of the temporal bone. |
| Lacrimal bones (2) | Area of the orbits that contain tear ducts , forms medial/inner wall of the orbit. |
| Nasal bones (2) | forms bridge of the nose |
| Vomer | one bone, midline, forms the bottom of the nasal septum |
| Hyoid bone | free floating bone in the neck, looks like a little jaw with inverted vampire teeth |
| Intervertebral disks | discs of fibrocartilage between vertebrae |
| Vertebra | irregular bones with complex structures, 24 bones divided into three types: cervical (7), thoracic (12) and lumbar (5) |
| Vertebra - body | solid portion that articulates with intervertebral discs |
| Vertebra - Vertebral foramen | The big hole where the spinal cord goes. (From review, the bone around the vertebral foramen is called the vertebral arch) |
| Vertebra - Transverse processes | flat elongated processes on either side of the vertebrae |
| Vertebra - Spinous process | the single downward pointing process on a vertebra (function: protection, place for muscle attachment) |
| Cervical vertebra (C1-C7) | 1st bone is atlas (no body),2nd is axis and has a dens. All cervical vertebra have small holes (transverse foramina) by transverse processes as well as a vertebral foramen and a spinous process (c3-c7) Also have 2 superior & 2 inferior articular processes |
| Thoracic vertebra (T1-T12) | all have solid body, one spinous process, two transverse processes and vertebral foramen. The superior and inferior articular processes are identified by making sure spinous process is pointing down. Heart shaped body and has facets for ribs (rib facets) |
| Lumbar vertebra (L1-L5) | Largest vertebra,all have solid body, one spinous process, two transverse processes and vertebral foramen. The superior and inferior articular processes are identified by making sure spinous process is pointing down. No facets for ribs. Kidney shaped body |
| Sacrum | Triangular shaped bone located below T12, made of 5 fused bones. (has sacral foramina for nerves) |
| Coccyx | aka "tailbone" located below the sacrum, made of 3-5 fused bones. Our class models show 4 fused bones. |
| Sternum | located in the mid-line of thoracic cage with ribs on either side. Has 3 parts: (1)manubrium-top portion, (2) body-middle portion, (3) xiphoid process-pointy tip at the bottom. No ribs attached to xiphoid process. Calcifies in 40's. |
| Ribs (12 pairs) (protect lungs and involved in breathing) | 1st pair attached to manubrium. 1st thru 7th pais called TRUE RIBS,next 5 pairs called FALSE RIBS (Of the false ribs, pairs 8,9,10 are just false ribs and pairs 11,12 are also called floating because they are only attached in the back. |
| Pectoral Girdle (4) | made up of (2) clavicles and (2) scapulas only. From review: articulates with humerus only for greater range of motion. |
| Clavicles (2) | "s" shaped bone that looks a little like a rib. AKA "collarbone" |
| Scapulae (2) | triangular bones on the upper back, the concave faces the inside of the body |
| Scapulae: acromion process | large curved structure on the scapula, the landmark used for IM injection. |
| Scapulae: glenoid fossa | The cup that the head of the humerus fits into |
| Scapulae: coracoid process | smaller curved structure, looks like a smaller version of the acromion process. |
| Scapulae: spine | top edge of the part attached to the acromion process. |
| Humerus (2) | long bone of the upper arm with a round head at the top and a knuckle looking part of the bottom. |
| Humerus: Head | this is the rounded top of the humerus that fits into the glenoid fossa. |
| Humerus: trochlea | this is the knuckle looking condyle near the elbow joint that has a sharper edge to it. |
| Humerus: capitulum | this is the knuckle looking condyle near the elbow joint that has a rounder edge to it. Like a round "cap". |
| Humerus: medial epicondyle | larger non-knuckle looking bulge next to the trochlea (on the same side of the bone as the head) |
| Humerus: lateral epicondyle | smaller non-knuckle looking bulge next to capitulum. Not on the same side of the bone as the head. |
| Radius | bone of the forearm that has a head that looks like a RBC. In anatomical position it is lateral to the ulna/thumb side. |
| Radius: Head | the radius has a flat head that is round and concave and looks like a red blood cell |
| Radius: Radial tuberosity | the bulge in the radius just below the head |
| Ulna | is the bone of the forearm that has a head that look like a "c". In anatomical position it is medial/closer to the body. Not on thumb side. |
| Ulna: Olecranon process | is the head of the ulna that looks like a "c". |
| Carpals (8/16) | the cubelike bones of the wrist. 8 bones in each wrist. |
| Metacarpals (5/10) | Bones in the hand. #1 is attached to the thumb. |
| Phalanges (14/28/56) | the bones in the fingers and toes. 14 per limb. 2 bones in thumb and big toe. 3 bones in fingers and rest of toes. Bone closest to body is proximal, middle bone is medial, bone farthest from the body is distal. Thumb only has proximal and distal. |
| Pelvic girdle | includes the two hip bones also known as coxa/coxal bones. Protects viscera of pelvis. |
| What are 3 ways a female pelvis differs from a male pelvis? | 1.Male pubic arch has angle similar to martini glass,female arch is wider & looks like margerita glass 2.female iliac bones are more flared producing wider hips 3.sacral curvature is flatter in the female pelvis 4.female pelvis bigger w/less bone density |
| Coxa (2) | one side of the pelvic girdle/hip bone |
| Coxa: Acetabulum ("ass-a-tab-u-lum") | cup shaped part of the coxa that holds the head of the femur. |
| Coxa: Ilium | Large "ear" portion of the coxa |
| Coxa: Iliac crest | smooth top edge of ilium |
| Coxa: Ischium | the outer edge of the coxa bone forming the obturator foramen |
| Coxa: Pubis | inner edge of the coxa bone forming the obturator foramen |
| Coxa: Pubic symphysis | a JOINT formed between the inner edges of the pubis bones |
| Coxa: Obtuator foramen | the big hole in the coxal bones between the ischium and pubis |
| Femur | The big one. Thigh bone. Its head fits into the acetabulum. Longest and strongest. |
| Femur: Head | the round part at the top of the femur that fits into the acetabulum |
| Femur: Neck | the area between the head of the femur and the body of the bone (surgical neck is lower, where fractures likely to occur.) |
| Femur: medial condyle | It is the knucklelike structure on the same side of the bone as the head of the femur but at the opposite end of the bone. It forms the inner/medial portion of the knee joint. |
| Femur: lateral condyle | It is the knucklelike structure forming the outside/lateral portion of the knee joint. Opposite side of the bone as the head. |
| Femur: Greater trochanter | this big bump next to the head of the femur (landmark for IM injection) |
| Femur: Lesser trochanter | This is a little bump just below the head. |
| Patella | round sesamoid bone at the knee joint. Knee cap. |
| Tibia | This is the larger of the two calf bones. Has a large shelf for the knee joint. (From review, know that it is weight bearing) |
| Tibia: tibial tuberosity | this is the little bump below the knee joint right around the place where the doctor whacks you on the leg to check reflexes. |
| Tibia: Medial malleolus | this is the distal part of the tibia that forms the round bump on the inside/medial part of ankle. It articulates with tarsals. |
| Fibula | the smaller calf bone, has a lumpy and bumpy head and a tapered distal end. (From review, know that it is NOT weight bearing and only provides platform for muscle attachment) |
| Fibula: Head | not a round head. It is all lumpy and bumpy. |
| Fibula: Lateral malleolus | this is the tapered distal end of the fibula that forms the round bump on the outside/lateral side of ankle. |
| Tarsals (7/14) | the cluster of ankle bones. 7 in each foot. |
| Tarsals: Talus | the top tarsal that the tibia rests on. Second largest tarsal. |
| Tarsals: Calcaneus | the largest ankle bone, forms heel of the foot |
| Metatarsals (5/10) | these are the bones of the foot. 5 in each foot. |
| Phalanges (14 per limb/28 in feet/56 in skeleton) | the bones in the fingers and toes. 14 per limb. 2 bones in big toe. 3 bones in other toes.Bone closest to body is proximal, middle bone is medial, bone farthest from the body is distal. Thumb only has proximal and distal. |
| Fontanels | fibrous membranes that connect the fetal cranial bones. AKA soft spots. Permit movement and modeling as fetus travels thru birth canal. |
| Anterior fontanel | top of the head, between fronal and parietal bones. |
| Posterior fontanel | at the back of the head, between the parietal and occipital bones. |
| Mastoid fontanel | This fontanal is on the side of the head, behind the ear area. It is more posterior than the sphenoidal fontanel and lies between the temporal, occipital, and parietal bones. |
| Sphenoidal fontanel | in the "temple" region. More anterior than the mastoid fontanel. between the sphenoid, parietal, temporal, and frontal bones |
| Scoliosis | spine is curved from side to side. Looks more like an "s". R/T muscles developing at wrong time. (From review, know normal curvature as well. Thoracic curves out and lubar and cervical curve inward)) |
| Kyphosis | a forward rounding of the spine creating a hunchback appearance. R/t osteoporosis. |
| Lordosis | inward curvature of a portion of the lumbar and cervical vertebral column e.g. pregnant women, shoulders back, deeper curve inward/forward at thoracic region. |
| Orbicularis oculi | muscle that forms circle around the eye |
| Orbicularis oris | muscle that forms oval around the mouth |
| Masseter | this muscle runs up and down from cheek to jaw and masticates/chews |
| Frontalis | this muscle starts at the eyebrow and and goes up over the top of the head down to the back of the neck. |
| Zygomaticus major | this is a thin strip of muscle that sits over the buccinator and is located between the temple and the mouth |
| Buccinator | This muscle lies beneath the zygomaticus major and the masseter. It is a deep muscle of the cheek and is seen as a triangular area on the model. |
| Pectoralis major | superficial muscle over the breast area and is attached to humerus and sternum. |
| Pectoralis minor | this muscle is deep to pectoralis major and is attached to ribs stretching back around to the back of th neck. (on superficial side of model as 3 stips of muscle below pectoralis major. |
| Sternocleidomastoid | branched muscle from ear to sternum and clavicle |
| Serratus anterior | found on the superficial side of the model, inferior to pectoralis major. Forms a sheet of muscle down the model's side. |
| External intercostal & Internal intercostal | eternal are between the ribs (bone portion of the ribs). Internal are between the ribs on the portion made of cartilage. |
| Trapezius | a large triangular muscle from the base of the skull to mid spinal area |
| Latissimus dorsi | another large triangular muscle but this one is found between the armpit and mid spinal region. (back fat region) |
| Rhomboideus major | This is a deep, large, rhomboidal muscle running from scapula to spine. |
| Diaphragm | internal muscle found below the lungs |
| External oblique | shown on the superficial side of the model below pectoralis major and down the side of the model. |
| Internal oblique | on deep side of the model, below the ribcage and on the model's side. Lies beneath external oblique. |
| Transverse abdominis | turn over the model's abdominal wall and these muscles are found on the inside of the model and lie in a horizontal/transverse plane |
| Rectus abdominis | 6-pack |
| Rectus abdominus: Linea alba | line of connective tissue that lies between the rectus abdominus left and right sides. |
| Iliacus | muscle that lies on the "ear" protion of the iliac. (inside the abdominal cavity of the model) |
| Psoas major | filet mignon muscle that spans from the spine to the femur. Seen inside the abdominal cavity of the model. |
| Bulbospongiosis | This muscle is found deep inside scrotum in males. Deep to external genitalia in females. It is seen next to the anal sphincter in females. |
| Anal sphincter | muscle seen around opening for anus in model. |
| Rotator cuff | made up of 4 muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor. |
| Rotator cuff: Supraspinatus | on deep side of model, beneath deltoid and above the spine of the scapula. |
| Rotator cuff: Infraspinatus | section of muscle tissue below spine of scapula |
| Rotator cuff: Subscapularis | section of muscle tissue above the spine of the scapula. |
| Rotator cuff: Teres minor | section of muscle directly below the infraspinatus, looks like it might be part of the armpit. |
| Biceps brachii | in standard anatomical position, the two branches of muscle tissue on upper arm distal to deltoid. |
| Triceps brachii | the three branches of muscle on the back of the arm. |
| Brachialis | deep to biceps brachii (have to remove biceps brachii to see) |
| Deltoid | triangular muscle covering shoulder and top of arm. (IM injection site) |
| Brachioradialis | muscle of the forearm that has a tendon attached just behind the thumb. Can follow this muscle to the thumb. |
| Pronator teres | small, short muscle anterior to brachioradialis. Runs diagonally (in bend of arm) |
| Palmaris longus | muscle of forearm with attachment in the middle of the wrist (in anatomical position, palms facing forward) |
| Supinator | deep deep muscle of the forearm, can be seen from the front and the back once the plates of superficial muscles are removed. Also a muscle running through the bend of the arm. |
| Extensor digitorum | muscle of the back of the hand attached to 3-4 tendons in the wrist. |
| Gluteus maximus | butt |
| Gluteus medius | hip |
| Tensor fascia latae | muscle in front of gluteus medius. runs from iliac spine to femur. |
| Quadriceps femoris group | "four headed muscle of the femur" The four muscles of the front of the thigh. |
| Quadriceps femoris group: Rectus femoris | center muscle of the top of the thigh. Its tendon is attached to the patella. |
| Quadriceps femoris group: Vastus lateralis | this muscle sits lateral to the rectus femoris |
| Quadriceps femoris group: Vastus medialis | this muscle sits medial to the rectus femoris |
| Quadriceps femoris group: Vastus intermedius | this muscle is deep/lies under the rectus femoris |
| Sartorius | this muscle is long, thin, curved and is also part of the front of the thigh. |
| Gracilis | latin for "slender". Is the long thin muscle of the inner thigh. |
| Adductor group (think thighmaster group) | a three muscle group of the inner thigh that lies beneath/deep to the gracilis |
| Biceps femoris | one of the three muscles of the hamstring group (back of the thigh). This is large two headed muscle. It is on the lateral portion of the back of the thigh. |
| Semitendonosis | one of the three muscles of the hamstring group. This muscle is medial to biceps femoris. |
| Semimenbranosis | one of the three muscles of the hamstring group. This muscle is deep and medial to the semitendonosis (can see a little peeking out from under semitendonosis whithout taking muscle off) |
| Gastrocnemius | big, two headed calf muscle |
| Soleus | deep to/underneath gastrocnemius |
| Soleus: Calcaneal tendon | where tendons attach to the back of the ankle (aka achilles tendon) |
| Tibialis anterior | front of tibia, covers shin |
| Muscle Fiber Model: Myofibril | each bundle |
| Muscle Fiber Model: Sarcolemma | pink outtermost level, membrane of cell |
| Muscle Fiber Model: Sarcoplasmic reticulum | peach webbing |
| Sarcomere | goes z line to z line (the z lines are the dash marks) |
| Transverse tubule | the blue tubes |
| Shoulder joint: coracoclavicular ligaments | this shoulder ligament is a small strip attaching coracoid process to clavicle |
| Shoulder joint: acromioclavicular ligaments | this ligament is found at the very top of the shoulder model, connects acromion process to clavicle. |
| Shoulder joint: coracoacromial ligaments | the large strip of ligament attaching the coracoid process to the acromion process (shoulder model) |
| Knee joint: Tibial collateral ligament | This is a large ligament found medially, attaching the tibia to the humerus |
| Knee joint: Fibular collateral ligament | This is a small medial ligament attaching fibula to humerus |
| Knee joint: Anterior cruciate ligamant | This ligament is found between the condyles at the front of the knee joint |
| Knee joint: Posterior cruciate ligament | This ligament is found between the condyles at the back of the knee joint |
| Knee joint: Lateral meniscus | It looks like there is only one "cushion" between the femur and the tibia, but the outer portion is called lateral meniscus and the inner portion is called medial meniscus |
| Knee joint: Medial meniscus | It looks like there is only one "cushion" between the femur and the tibia, but the outer portion is called lateral meniscus and the inner portion is called medial meniscus |
| Knee joint: Patellar ligament | This is the large tendon holding the patella in place but only the bottom half is the patellar ligament. The top half has another name. |
| Hip joint: Iliofemoral ligament | The ligament found at the top of the model. Has 2 branches and attaches to the femur and the ilium |
| Hip joint: Ischiofemoral ligament | Found at the back of the model. Attaches the ischium to the femur. |
| Hip joint: Pubofemoral ligament | This is found at the front of the model. Attaches femur to pubis. |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: Bone Marrow | red portion of innermost layer |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: Trabeculae | the tan "rods" inside the pink lattice structure around the bone marrow |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: central canal | the "tube" running through the center of an osteon |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: osteon | the whole circular unit in compact bone |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: perforating canal | the red line connecting osteon to osteon |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: compact bone | the part of the model with the circular osteons not the part with the red marrow |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: lacunae | hard to see, tiny dots within the concentric rings of the osteon. (The trabeculae also has empty spaces for osteocytes) |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: matrix | the solid tan area of the osteon around the lacunae |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: periosteum | the light blue outter layer of the bone model |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: endosteum | the pink covering over the trabeculae |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: spongy bone | The part of the model with the red marrow, not the part with the circular osteons. |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: collagen fibers | the diagonal lines on the telescoped osteons (I checked with Dr. Hopkins on this one.) |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: lamellae (not on word list but helpful for lecture exam) | The layers of bone matrix not organized in an osteon. Best seen just inside the blue layer of the periosteum. |
| Yellow microscopic model of osteon: Osteon | The whole yellow structure. This is an osteon model |
| Pink and tan microscopic bone model: perforating canal | canal for nerves and blood vesses to travel from osteon to osteon. The are in the transverse plane. |
| Yellow microscopic model of osteon: compact bone | this osteon is a unit of compact bone |
| Yellow microscopic model of osteon: osteocytes | red eye looking structures |
| Yellow microscopic model of osteon: lacunae | the empty oval spaces without an osteocyte in it |
| Yellow microscopic model of osteon: matrix | they solid yellow area between the holes/lacunae |
| Yellow microscopic model of osteon: canaliculi | tiny lines connecting ostoecytes |
| Know an example of each articulation: synarthrosis (sutures) | skull sutures, teeth |
| Know an example of each articulation: amphiarthroses (symphyses) | pubic symphysis |
| Know an example of each articulation: diarthrosis (synovial cavity/articular cartilage) | knee, elbow, hip |
| From review: Which bones have a head? | Radius, femur, humerus |
| From review: What are (bone) processes? | bits of bone that stick out, elongated shape, where muscles attach. The bone responded to muscle attachment stimuli. |
| From review: Where are appendages attached? | to trunk and pelvis |
| From review: What is a fossa? | a cavity or indentation |
| What is the axial skeleton? | head, neck and trunk (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage and hyoid bone) |
| What is the appendicular skeleton? | upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle |
| What do ligaments connect? | bone to bone |
| Small skin model: Epidermis | top layer of skin, ends at basement layer which is the dark blue line running across the model. |
| Small skin model: Dermis | The section of the model below the dark blue line but before the layer containing fat |
| Small skin model: Papillary layer | top half of the dermal layer |
| Small skin model: Reticular layer | bottom half of the dermal layer |
| Small skin model: Meissner corpuscle | the yellow flower looking structures in the top of the dermal layer. |
| Small skin model: stratum corneum | the top layer of epidermis. Corneum means dead. Thicker on the right side of the model. |
| Small skin model: stratum lucidum | The thin white layer below the stratum corneum. Only found on the right side of the model. |
| Small skin model: stratum granulosum | The top two rows of cells in the blue layer. The larger cells. |
| Small skin model: stratum spinosum | the second layer in the blue section. small cells. just above the dark blue line. |
| Small skin model: stratum basale | basement layer. Dark blue line across the bottom of the epidermis. |
| Small skin model: sweat gland | the white accessory structures of the skin |
| Small skin model: lamellated pacinian corpuscle | the green lollipop looking structure in the hypodermal layer |
| Small skin model: Hair folicle | organ that produces hair. purple area below the sebaceous glands. |
| Small skin model: Arrector pili muscle | strip of muscle tissue attached to the hair folicle. |
| Small skin model: root of hair | The enlarged bulbous bottom of the hair. |
| Small skin model: sebaceous gland | purple on model and appears to be part of the hair folicle. |
| Small skin model: Hair shaft | portion of hair that projects outside the skin. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Epidermis | top layer of skin, ends at basement layer which is the dark blue line running across the model. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Dermis | The section of the model below the dark blue line but before the layer containing fat |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Papillary layer | top half of the dermal layer |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Reticular layer | bottom half of the dermal layer |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Meissner corpuscle | the yellow flower looking structures in the top of the dermal layer. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Stratus corneum | the top layer of epidermis. Corneum means dead. Thicker on the left side of the model. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Stratum lucidum | The thin white layer below the stratum corneum. Only found on the left side of the model. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Stratum granulosum | The top three rows of cells in the blue layer. The larger cells. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Stratum spinosum | the second layer in the blue section. small cells. just above the dark blue line. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Stratum basale | basement layer. Bottom edge of the blue epidermis. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Sweat gland | the white accessory structure of the skin |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Lamellated pacinian corpuscles | the green lollipop looking structure in the hypodermal layer |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: lunula | the white half-moon in the nail |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: nail | nail |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: nail bed | skin underneath the nail plate |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: nail plate | the nail. tough keratinized covering over nail bed. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: arrector pili muscle | strip of muscle tissue attached to the hair folicle. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: Sebaceous gland | purple on model and appears to be part of the hair folicle. |
| Skin model with nail and hair cross sections: hair shaft | portion of hair that projects outside the skin. |
| Big skin model: Epidermis | top layer of skin, ends at basement layer which is the dark blue line running across the model. |
| Big skin model: Dermis | The section of the model below the dark blue line but before the layer containing fat |
| Big skin model: Papillary layer | top half of the dermal layer |
| Big skin model: Reticular layer | bottom half of the dermal layer |
| Big skin model: hair shaft | portion of hair that projects outside the skin. |
| Big skin model: stratum corneum | the top layer of epidermis. Corneum means dead. Thicker on the right side of the model. |
| Big skin model: stratum lucidum | The thin white layer below the stratum corneum. Only found on the left side of the model. |
| Big skin model: stratum granulosum | The solid gray/blue line beneath the white line |
| Big skin model: stratum spinosum | The light blue layer between the gray/blue line and the dark blue basement layer. |
| Big skin model: stratum basale | basement layer. Bottom edge of the blue epidermis. Dark blue line. |
| Big skin model: hair root | The enlarged bulbous bottom of the hair. (hidden in this model) |
| Big skin model: lamellated paciniam corpuscle | lollypop. the green lollipop looking structure in the hypodermal layer |
| Big skin model: sweat gland | the white accessory structure of the skin (lighter white structure is a cross section but still sweat gland) |
| Big skin model: hair follicle | organ that produces hair. purple area below the sebaceous glands. |
| Big skin model: sebaceous gland | purple on model and appears to be part of the hair folicle. Big lump at the top of the hair folicle. |
| Big skin model: arrector pili muscle | strip of muscle tissue attached to the hair folicle. |
| Big skin model: meissner's corpuscle | the yellow stemmed flower looking structures in the top of the dermal layer. Depending on the view could be round berry or oval with yellow nerve in center. (Yellow branching with no capsule are free nerve endings) |
| Big skin model: melanin | The name of the pigment that makes the brown spots brown. Dr hopkins could point to brown spot and ask for the name of the pigment or the name of the cell type. |
| Big skin model: melanocyte | The name of the cell type for the brown spots. Dr hopkins could point to brown spot and ask for the name of the pigment or the name of the cell type. |
| Big skin model: free nerve endings | The branches of the yellow flowers that end in the epidermis. They do not have red capsules. |
| Big skin model: keratinocytes | If there is a flag pointing at the dermal or epidermal skin that asks what is the cell type, the correct answer is keratinocyte. |
| Slides: adipose tissue | loosely packed irregularly shaped cells with o visible inclusions. Slide may include lumen for blood vesseld since they are housed in the sub q layer. |
| Slides: blood | connective tissue. includes plasma rbc, wbc. appears loosely packed in picture on lab wall. |
| Slides: compact bone | will recognized its concentric rings (osteon). Dark center is central canal. Dark dots are lacunae. |
| Slides: cardiac muscle | has striations, intercalted discs, branched muscle fibers, single nucleus |
| Slides: dense, irregular connective tissue | thick white lines going in every direction, not in layers. Just muscle fibers, no cells |
| Slides: Dense regular connective tissue | protein fibers organized in layers. No visible cells. Tightly packed and highly organized. |
| Slides: elastic cartilage | elastic fibers AND chondrocytes (cells) living in lacunae |
| Slides: elastic connective tissue | the protein fibers look like strings or hair scattered throughout the slide. |
| Slides: Fibrous cartilage | very wavy but tightly packed and organized layers of protein fibers |
| Slides: Hyaline cartilage | collagenous fibers with chondrocytes living in lacunae |
| Slides: intercalated discs | lines found on cardiac muscle that help communicate electrical signal throughout cell. |
| Slides: loose connective tissue | looks like loosely packed pick-up sticks. |
| Slides: nervous tissue | hopefully the slide we see will contain a neuron with processes and little dots that are the neuroglia helper cells |
| Slides: neuroglial cells | little dark spots around a neuron. Helper cells. |
| Slides: neurons | chevron shaped cell with branches sticking out called cell processes. Can't tell in a slide which is axon and which are dendrites. |
| Slides: pseudostratified columnar epithelium | single layer of tall and short cells. Looks like multiple layers. |
| Slides: reticular connective tissue | network of reticular fibers that have organ tissue cells throughout the network. This tissue type is found in solid organs e.g. liver |
| Slides: simple columnar epithelium | one layer of tall cells with nuclei lined up in a row. |
| Slides: simple cuboidal epithelium | one layer of square cells |
| Slides: simple squamous epithelium | one layer of flat cells that look like fried eggs |
| Slides: skeletal muscle | striated, multinucliated, long muscle fibers/cells |
| Slides: smooth muscle | single nucleus, no striations |
| Slides: spongy bone | can see network of trabeculae with red marrow within the spaces of the trabeculae |
| Slides: stratified columnar epithelium | basement layer of cuboidal with multiple layers of columnar |
| Slides: stratified cuboidal epithelium | usually 2 layers of cuboidal cells in a circle. Often found in glands. |
| Slides: stratified squamous epithelium | multi layers of flat cells |
| Slides: striations | visible light and dark lines in cardiac and skeletal muscle |
| Slides: transitional epithelium | probably not on practical. Looks like stratified squamous but the cells have the ability to change shape. |
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