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Quick Recall
Questions out of different question banks out there
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where are deposits found in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis | subendothelial and messangial space |
| Most important cytokine mediator in septic shock | TNF (secreted by Macrophages) |
| Glomeruli of DM pts with end stage renal dz most often shows | nodular Glomerulosclerosis |
| 1st step in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis due to hyperlipidemia | LDL cholesterol oxidation |
| MC type inflammatory marker in muscle biopsy of pt with polymiositis | CD8 and Macrophages |
| Functions of IgG | opsonize bacteria, neutralize toxins/viruses, fix complement |
| Test for antibodies | Enzyme-linked Immuno Assay |
| Part of the microtubule that Griseofulvin acts on | alpha/beta-tubulin dimer of spindle fibers |
| G (+) bacilli with beta-hemolysis | Lysteria monocytogenes |
| Rx for hypokalemic alkalotic pt with SCC of lung | Ketokenazole (blocks ACTH production) |
| What are heart failure cells | hemosiderin laden macrophages |
| Hallmarks of pulmonary edema | Intraalveolar fluid, engorged caplillaries, hemosiderin-laden macrophages |
| Rx for agranulocytosis caused by Clozapine | Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor |
| Rx herpes simplex encephalitis | Acyclovir |
| MOA Acyclovir | acyclic guanosine derivative that inhibits viral DNA (activated by viral thimidine kinase) |
| Pathologic appearance of a Myxoma | scattered spindle cells with scant pink cytoplasm with in a loose stroma |
| “Ball-valve” in Left Atrium | Myxoma |
| Enzyme deficiency in Maple Syrup Urine Dz | alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenease |
| Enzyme that degrades branched-chain aa’s | alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase |
| Action of diphtheria toxin | inhibits protein synthesis via blockage of tRNA translocation from A to P sites |
| MOA cholestyramine | bind and excrete bile-soluble acids |
| MC found congenital heart dz in adults | patent foramen ovale |
| 8 essential aa’s | Leucine, Lysine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Methionine, Threonine, Valine |
| Irreversible enzymes for glycolysis | Hexo/Glucokinase, PFK-1, Pyruvate Kinase, Pyruvate DH |
| MCC acute renal failure in hospital setting | Acute Tubular Necrosis |
| 3 Characteristics of Horner’s Sx | Ptosis, Anhidrosis, Miosis |
| Pathology of Horner’s Sx | Disruption of the sympathetic innervations to ipsilateral side of face |
| From what nerve roots is the pudendal nerve driver | S2-4 |
| Point of exit of the pudendal nerve | Greater Sciatic Foramen |
| MC brain stem stroke | Wallenberg’s Sx (aka Lat. Medullary Sx) |
| MOA Benzo’s | increase frequency of Cl channel opening |
| Most specific test for syphilis | Flourescent Treponemal antibody-absorption test (FTA-ABS) |
| Region of lymph nodes underdeveloped in DiGeorge Sx | Paracortex |
| Type of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma highly assc with Reed-Sternberg cells | Mixed Cellularity H. L. |
| RX for myelosuppression caused by Doxorubicin | GM-CSF or Molgramostin |
| Absent biceps reflex is indicator of what nerve damage | Musculocutaneous |
| What does PALS stand for | Peri Arterial Lymphatic Sheath (spleen) |
| Prophylactic therapy for p. jiroveci pneumonia in HIV pt with sulfa allergy | Aerosolized pentamidine |
| Structures in the cardinal ligaments | Uterine vessels |
| Structures in the suspensory ligaments | Ovarian vessels |
| Structures in the Round ligament | none |
| Structures in the Broad ligaments | ovaries, fallopian tubes, and round ligament |
| RX Mild pulmonary Blastomycosis | Fluconazole or Ketoconazole |
| Rx systemic Blatomycosis | Amphotericin B |
| I.F. and Gastric Acid are secreted by | Parietal cells |
| How is vitamin A absorbed | via micelle-mediated transport in GI |
| Enzyme deficiency in classic galactosemia | galactose-1-P Uridyl transferase |
| Enzyme deficiency in fructose intolerance | Aldolase B |
| Enzyme deficiency in essential fructorusria | fructokinase |
| Pathology in which blood turns muddy brown when withdrawn | Methemoglobinemia |
| Common sequela of Rotavirus infection | shedding of intestinal brush border (Lactose intolerance) |
| Pentad of TTP | Fever, Thrombocytopenia, Renal failure, Neurologic disturbances, Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (schistocytes on smear) |
| Why is Guanine-Cystosine strongest | Have 3 hydrogen bonds |
| Best therapy for pt with post strep glomerulonephritis | supportive therapy |
| Type of bacteria where cell wall is the outermost structure | G+, with thickest peptidoglycan cell wall |
| Dangerous complication of Kawasaki’s | Coronary Aneurysms |
| MCC endemic encephalitis in US that can cause meningitis | St. Louis Encephalitis (Flavivirus) |
| Acid-Base status with a panic attack | Hyperventilation = acute resp alkalosis without met compensation |
| Types of cells destroyed in MS | Oligodendroglia (CNS) |
| Types of cells in Guillain-Barre Sx | Schwann cells (PNS) |
| Functions of vWF | Adhesion of platelets to collagen via glycoproteins, Carrier molecule for factor VIII |
| Muscle MC weakened by carpal tunnel sx | abductor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis muscles |
| aa that contributes to net + charge of Histone | Arginine and Lysine |
| MCC adult onset nephrotic sx | Membranous GN |
| Child with flexed pronated position that was yanked w/ his outstretched arm | Radial Head subluxation |
| Ligament torn with radial head subluxation | annular ligament |
| Most likely injured ligament when ankle is rolled IN | Anteroir talofibular ligament |
| Warm agglutination | Chronic anemia seen in SLE, CLL, or certain drugs (alpha-methyldopa) (IgG) |
| Cold agglutination | acute anemia triggered by cold, seen in m. pneumo or infectious mononucleosis |
| CO & SVR expected in septic shock | Inc CO w/ Dec SVR |
| Types of cells commonly seen in CLL or SLL | smudge cells (flattened lymphocytes) |
| Functions of B lymphos | mature into plasma cells (response to foreign ag’s), produce ab’s as part of humoral system |
| Fibrous plaques are indicative of wh/ pathologic process | atherosclerosis |
| % of arterial stenosis that a pt can first feel chest pain on exertion | >75% (stable angina) |
| How do hormones produced in liver enter systemic circulation | Hepatic veins then IVC |
| Long-term consequence of CO poisoning | Cardiovascular DZ |
| Risk factors for Bronchogenic carcinoma of lung | smoking and asbestos exposure (additive risk) |
| Ferruginous bodies | asbestos exposure |
| RX for cryptosporidium | supportive |
| DX for cryptosporidium | oocysts on acid-fast stain of stool smear |
| Risk factor for PDA | Congenital Rubella |
| Why is Ca2+ low in pt with metastatic prostate CA | Ca2+ being used to build new bone in areas of mets |
| Result of stabilization of topoisomerase II complex with Etoposide | Induction of apoptosis |
| Etoposide works on what part of cell cycle | G2 Phase |
| DOC for Beta blocker intox | Glucagon |
| Cause of Tetralogy of Fallot | Ant. Sup. displacement of the infundibular septum |
| Stating that there is an effect when one doesn’t exist | Type I (alpha) error |
| Stating that there is not an effect when one does exist | Type II (beta) error |
| How can Null (H0) be rejected | If Confidence Interval doesn’t include 0 |
| Hypothesis of NO difference | Null (H0) |
| Hypothesis that there is some difference | Alternative (H1) |
| Beta is the probability of | Making a type II error |
| Types of cells seen with beta-thalassemia | Target cells |
| On which chromosome is the gene most often implicated with Breast CA found | BRCA 1 – Chrom 17 |
| Substance that will cause platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction in a DVT | Thromboxane A2 |
| DOC Anorexia Nervosa | SSRI’s (Fluoxetine, Setraline, Paroxetine, Citalopram) |
| DOC CML | Imatinib Mesylate |
| MOA DOC CML | Inhibits anl bcr-abl (tyrosine kinase found >90% of CML) |
| Normal function of a histiocyte | Phagocyte cell debris and pathogens and to act as an APC |
| Virus that causes Molluscum Contagiosum | Poxvirus |
| Molluscum Contagiosum | self-limiting rash characterized by pink papules, which may be umbilicated |
| MOA Procarbazine | Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor |
| Type of bilirubin increased with biliary atresia | Conjugated |
| Characteristics of stool/urine in Biliary Atresia | Acholic stool with darkened urine |
| AKA Osteopetrosis | Marble Bone Dz |
| Type of cells malfunctioning in Osteopretosis | Osteoclasts |
| XRay image in Osteopretosis | “Erlenmeyer Flask” bones b/c bone resorption and remodeling failure |
| Main physiologic function of HLA | Bind foreign antigens and present them to antigen-specific T-lymphos |
| Where do D-dimers result from | breakdown of fibrin clots |
| MC right-sided valvular DZ seen with carcinoid SX | Tricuspid Regurg |
| Properties of glomerular BM | Small pore size, Neg charged pore |
| Are “-Statins” competitive or noncompetitive | Competitive HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor |
| CN’s that pass through Int. Auditory Meatus | VII, VIII |
| CN’s that pass through Foramen Rotundum | V2 |
| CN’s that pass through Foramen Ovale | V3 |
| RX metastatic bone dz that may cause osteonecrosis of jaw | Bisphosphonates |
| RX aplastic anemia caused by a previous chemotherapy | G-CSF |
| MOA G-CSF | glycoprotein growth factor that stimulates immature macrophages to differentiate in BM |
| ECG in pt w/ Acute Renal Failure | Peaked T-waves due to kidney’s inability to excrete K (hyperkalemic) |
| Tissue types that use Glut-4 | Adipose and Sk Muscle |
| Nerve damaged in Compartment Sx | Deep Peroneal Ne |
| Sign of Ant Compartment Sx | Unable to dorsiflex foot and decreased doralis pedis pulse |
| Glomerulonephropathy a/w subepithelial humps | Post Strep GN |
| Glomerulonephropathy a/w granular subendothelial deposits | SLE |
| Glomerulonephropathy a/w linear subendothelial pattern on glomeruli | Vasculitis (Goodpastures) |
| Glomerulonephropathy a/w messangial deposits | IgA Nephropathy |
| First lab procedure to determine a genotype of an embryo | PCR (followed by Southern Blot) |
| CLL pts will have a clonal expansion of which type of cell | B-lymphos |
| MOA Sumatriptan | Agonist of 5 HT1B/1D receptor |
| Call-Exner bodies | Granulosa cell tumor of the ovaries |
| Mode of inheritance of Pesudo-Hypoparathyroidism | AD w/ variable penetrance |
| Shortened 4th/5th digits | Albright’s Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AD Kidney unresponsiveness to PTH) |
| Causes of pre-renal azotemia | heart failure, sepsis, and renal artery stenosis |
| TB prophylaxis | INH |
| Type of protein encoded by p53 gene | Transcription Factor |
| Type of Hepatocellular injury commonly seen w/ acetaminophen OD | Centrilobular Necrosis |
| Abdominal muscle a/w reflex in stroking inner thigh, scrotum and testes elevation | Internal Abd Oblique |
| Nerves a/w reflex in stroking inner thigh, scrotum and testes elevation | Ilioinguinal & genitofemoral Ne’s |
| Muscle a/w reflex in stroking inner thigh, scrotum and testes elevation | Cremaster Muscle |
| Heart murmur a/w Angina, Syncope, Dyspnea + Weak and late pulses | Aortic Stenosis |
| Heart murmur a/w Wide pulse pressure | Aortic Regurge |
| Most frequent valvular lesion | MVP |
| Heart murmur a/w wide fixed splitting | ASD |
| Heart murmur a/w holosystolic “harsh-sounding” | VSD |
| Heart murmur a/w late diastolic rumbling that follows O. Snap | MS |
| MCC Rheumatic fever | Strep pyogenes |
| Triad of Goodpasture’s | Glomerulonephritis, Pulm hemorrhage, Anti GBM (smooth linear) |
| Part of CNs affected in Wallenberg’s | Dorsolateral quadrant of Medulla and inferior surface of cerebellum |
| Enzyme most directly responsible for degrading a fibrin matrix | Plasmin |
| Primary stimulus for insulin secretion | Hyperglycemia |
| Subclavian Steal Sx | Narroving in subclavian proximal to the vertebral artery |
| Beta-hCG is structurally similar to | LH |
| Councilman bodies | Yellow fever (hepatic dz) |
| Reason for breathing through “pursed” lips | Inc pressure in larger conducting airways, preventing collapse and air trapping |
| Part of GI tract that reabsorbs fat sol and Vit B12 | Terminal Ileum |
| MC inherited cause of Hypercoagulability | Factor V Leiden |
| Drugs that cause Sulfa-Like Rx | Tolbutamine, Chlorpropamide, Metronidazole, Procarbazine |
| Nematode ingested larvae in undercooked meat | Tridrinella spiralis |
| Renal response in hemorrhage | Inc filtration via intravascular fluid retention and efferent constriction |
| Results of congenital Rubella | Deafness, PDA, Pulm artery stenosis, cataracts, microcephaly |
| Rx for Narcolepsy | Amphetamines and Modafinil |
| Blood d/o with increased porphobilinogen levels in urine | Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) |
| Enzyme def in Acute Intermittent Porphyria | Uroporphyrinogen I Synthase |
| Mutation responsible for B-thalassemia | Post transcriptional modification |
| MC DNA mutation in CF | Deletion Mutation |
| MC opportunistic infection causing pneumonia in HIV | pneumocystis jiroveci |
| RX pneumocystis jiroveci | TMP/SMX or aerosolized pentamidine |
| Protein found in neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer’s Dz | Cytoplasmic microtubule binding protein TAU |
| Slapped cheek with arthralgias for several days & transient aplastic anemia | Erythema infectosium (B19) |
| Complication with Measles 7-9 days later | Subacute Sclerosing PanEncephalitis |
| Rash with high fever that can lat 3-5 d + conjunctivitis, otitis media, malaise | Roseola (HHV-6) |
| Blanching macular rash developed on neck and spreads to face and extremities after fever | Roseola |
| Descending rash starts on face, fever precedes rash, common lymphadenopathy | Rubella (Rubivirus) |
| Fever, sore throat, strawberry tongue, rash on trunk, neck and limbs (spare palms/soles) | Scarlet fever |
| Complications of Scarlet Fever | TSS and Necrotizing fasciitis |
| S/E Chloramphenicol | Gray baby Sx and aplastic anemia |
| How does TSST-1 cause Dz | activates lg portion of T-lymphocytes, nonspecifically, causing aggregated immune response |
| S/S of TSST-1 toxin | Fever, Hypotension, Diffuse macular rash |
| Media for Bordetella pertussis | Bordet-Gengou medium (potato) |
| Functions of Thyroid H’s | Brain maturation, Bone growth/turnover, B-adrenergic effects, Inc BMR |
| Defect in ion channels of the thick ascending Loop of Henle | Bartter’s SX |
| Labs in Bartter’s Sx | Hypokalemia, met. Alkalosis, hyperaldosteronism, inc renin, JG cell hypoplasia |
| G- rod, lactose fermenter, mucoid capsule, grows “viscous colonies” | Klebsiella |
| Twin – division 4-8 days | Monozygotic twins |
| Twin – division within 3 days | either Monozygotic or Dizygotic twins |
| Describe Monozygotic twins | 2 amnions, one placenta, one chorion |
| Describe Dizygotic twins | 2 amnions, 2 placentas, 2 chorions |
| Classic triad of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Sx | Fever, Abd pain, Vaginal discharge |
| “Violin string” adhesions in peritoneal cavity seen on laparoscopy | Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Sx |
| Up to 25% of women w/ PID, perihepatitis, RUQ pain | Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Sx |
| MOA Clozapine | D1 and D2 antagonist |
| 3 aa’s modified in Golgi | Asparagine, Serine, Threonine |
| Coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes | I-Cell Dz |
| Part of Golgi affected in I-Cell Dz | phosphorylation of mannose at the cis-Golgi |
| Muscle that opens Jaw | Lateral Ptyrygoid Muscle |
| Nerve that innervates muscle that opens Jaw | CN V3 |
| MC tumor of parotid gland | Pleomorphic adenoma |
| Histology findings in Pleomorhpic adenoma | multiple cell types, classically epithelial cells in stroma |
| Pathologies a/w IgA nephropathy | Celiac Dz or Liver abnormalities (due to defect in IgA clearance) |
| 1st sign of Magnisium Sulfate Intoxication | Hyporefelxia, SA & AV blockade, drowsiness, Cardio arrest |
| MC Carpal bone Fx | Scaphoid |
| Thumb print sign on XRay | Epiglotitis |
| MC etiology of epiglotitis | H. flue |
| Courvoiser’s Sign | jaundice and palpable, enlarged, non-tender gallbladder (CA in head of pancreas) |
| RX delirium tremens | Chlordiazepoxide (Benzo’s) |
| S/E Haloperidol | Galactorrhea b/c D2 blockage and Neuromalignant Sx |
| Congenital Diaphragmatic hernia due to failure of | pleuroperitoneal folds to form completely |
| Ab’s found in Grave’s | Thyrotropin receptor stimulating antibodies |
| Lab Dx Diphtheria | G+ Rods with metachromatic (blue&red) granules |
| Highly painful, slow spreading cutaneus erythema | Erysipeloid (Erysipethrix rhursiopathiae) |
| Only bacterium with polypeptide capsule | Anthrax (D-glutamate) |
| Types of cells invaded by Leprosy | Schwann and Macrophages |
| Bacteria causing Pontiac fever | Legionella pneumophilia |
| Layers of skin affected by psoriasis | Inc. S. spinosum and Dec. S. granulosum |
| Acanthosis with parakeratotic scaling (nuclei still in stratum corneum) | Psoriasis |
| Flat, greasy, pigmented squamous epithelial proliferation. “Pasted on” | Seborrheic keratosis |
| Acute, painful sprewading infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissues | Cellulitis |
| Pruritic papules and vesicles, “papulovesicular rash of skin-linear excoriations,” a/w celiac dz | Dermatitis herpetiformis |
| Skin lesion a/w infections, drugs, cancers. Multiple types, macules, vesicles, target lesions | Erythema multiforme |
| Pruritic, purple, polygonal papules. Sawtooth infiltrate of lymphocytes at dermal-epidermal junction, a/w Hep C | Lichen Planus |
| “Cutaneous horn” | Actinic keratosis |
| Hyperplasia of stratum spinosum, a/w hyperinsulinemia | Acanthosis nigricans |
| Inflammatory lesions of subcutaneous fat, usually on anterior shins | Erythema nodosum |
| “Herald patch” followed days later by “Christmas tree” distribution (grouping lesions) | Pityriasis rosea |
| Skin cancer a/w arsenic exposure | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Skin CA a/w “palisading” nuclei, pearly papules with telangiectasias | Basal cell Carcinoma |
| Skin CA a/w S-100, Breslow thickening, and p16 | Melanoma |
| Brain tumor a/w pseudopalisading, pleomorphic tumor cells | Glioblastoma multiforme |
| Brain tumor most often occurring in convexities of hemispheres and parasagittal region, from arachnoid cells | Meningioma |
| Brain tumor a/w psammoma bodies and new onset of seizures | Meningioma |
| Brain tumor a/w S100, from Schwann cells | Schwannoma |
| Brain tumor localized to CN VIII, usually found at cerebellopontine angle | Acoustic Schwannoma |
| Brain tumor w/ “fried egg” (round nuclei with clear cytoplasm) | Oligodendroglioma |
| Brain tumor MC found in posterior fossa, Rosenthal fibers | Pilocytic (MC Children’s) |
| Brain tumor a/w projectile vomiting, primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), hydrocephalus | Medulloblastoma |
| Brain tumor a/w Rosettes or perivascular pseudorosette pattern, small blue cells (histo) | Medulloblastoma |
| Brain tumor MC found in 4th ventricle, NF2, perivascular pseudorosettes, rod-shaped blepharoplasts | Ependymoma |
| Brain tumor a/w von Hippel-Lindau Sx, can produce EPO, foamy cells | Hemangioblastoma |
| Brain tumor a/w cystic spaces filled w/ thick brownish fluid that is rich in cholesterol | Craniopharyngioma |
| Type of HS RXN for SLE | Type 3 |
| Type of HS RXN for hemolytic anemia | Type 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for Pernicious anemia | Type 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura | 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for Erythroblastosis fetalis | 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for acute hemolytic transfusion reactions | 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for rheumatic fever | 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for Goodpasture’s Sx | 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for Bullous pemphigoid | 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for pemphigus vulgaris | 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for Graves’ Dz | 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for Myesthenia gravis | 2 |
| Type of HS RXN for Rheumatoid arthritis | 3 |
| Type of HS RXN for polyarteritis nodosa | 3 |
| Type of HS RXN for serum sickness | 3 |
| Type of HS RXN for arthus reaction | 3 |
| Type of HS RXN for hypersensitivity pneumonitis | 3 |
| Type of HS RXN for Type I DM | 4 |
| Type of HS RXN for Multiple sclerosis | 4 |
| Type of HS RXN for Guillain-Barre Sx | 4 |
| Type of HS RXN for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | 4 |
| Type of HS RXN for Graft-vs-host Dz | 4 |
| Stain used for Borrelia | Giemsa |
| Stain used for Plasmodium | Giemsa |
| Stain used for trypanosomes | Giemsa |
| Stain used for Chlamydia | Giemsa |
| Stain used for glycogen, muchoploysaccharides | PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff) |
| Stain used for Whipple’s Dz | PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) |
| Stain used for Crytococcus neoformans | India ink |
| Stain used for fungi | Silver stain |
| Stain used for ribosomal RNA | Wright-Giemsa |
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snezya24
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