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2011 ECA 1st hour
ECA review 1st hour
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are two reasons to classify things? | to put things in order, easier to find, and to show that they share certain traits. |
| What is a feature that an organism has? | a trait |
| Who worked out one of the first classification systems of organisms? | Aristotle(he classified by plants and animals) |
| What scientist grouped all organisms into two kingdoms? | Linnaeus(plant and animal kingdoms) |
| What is the largest group in the classification system? | Kingdom |
| Why do all scientists understand the scientific names? | Because the names are written in Latin and Latin is a dead language so it will never change. |
| What did Linnaeus base his system of classification on? | Specific traits |
| What are the seven groups of classifying an organism’s? | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. |
| What is the largest group within a class? | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. |
| What is the largest group within an order? | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. |
| How do modern biologist classify organisms? | structure of body parts, common ancestors, & body chemistry. |
| What is the meaning of classify? | to group things together based on similarities. |
| What groups make up the scientific name? | genius & species |
| What are one celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus are called ? | monerans |
| What is a population? | A group of living things of the same species that live in an area. |
| All of the organisms in a community are related to each other through three different jobs, what are those three jobs? | producers, consumers, and decomposers. |
| Where do organisms get energy? | food. |
| What is Mutualism? | is a relationship in which to organisms live in a community and depend on each other. |
| A change in the size of one ___________ often causes a change in the size of another ____________? | population, and population. |
| In most all communities, green plants, algae, or blue green bacteria are the producers. Although producers make food for themselves, do they make food for the___________? | the community. |
| What do producers and or green organisms use light energy for? | food. |
| Could termites digest the log if they did not have _________? | protest. |
| What do scientist want to know about the animals they study, if the population around them have changed? | they want to know about any increase or decrease in the population. |
| Where does the light energy come from? | the sun. |
| Producers make oxygen during this process? | photosynthesis. |
| Bacteria lives in a human intestine, is this an example of mutualism? | yes, the bacteria makes business for the intestine. The human provides the bacteria a place to stay. |
| What is commensalism? | is a relationship in which two organisms live in a community, and one benefits and is not harmed. |
| Green organisms change energy from the sun into? | chemical energy, sugar. |
| Why would it be hard to count the population of earthworms and mice? | because these animals move a lot. |
| Unlike producers, consumers___________ make their own food? | cannot. |
| What is parasitism? | it is a relationship between two organism in which one is helped and the other is harmed. |
| What is a food chain? | a pathway of energy and materials through a community. |
| What is a primary consumer? | animals that eat only plants, veggie. |
| How are animals counted for population that are wild? | ear tags and leg bands. |
| What is the living thing on which the parasite lives called? | the host |
| What would happen to the parasite if it killed the host? | although it really happens, the parasite would die |
| What is a predator? | an animal that hunts, kills, and eats another animal |
| What is prey? | is the animal that the predator kills and eats |
| What is predation? | the predator-prey relation |
| What is the difference between parasitism and predation? | unlike parasitism, in predation the predator actually kills the prey |
| Are predators primary or secondary consumers? | secondary, they can limit the sizes of some populations |
| What are some things that might cause the population to decrease? | predation, parasites, sudden weather changes, and natural disasters |
| Give an example of mutualism? | your craving some coffee. But you don’t have any money to buy yourself a cup. So your friend agrees to buy you a cup if you drive |
| What word describes the relationship between fleas and their hosts? | commensalism |
| Grass-Grasshopper-Bird: is an example of? | a simple food chain |
| What do decomposers consist of? | mushrooms, bacteria, and protists |
| What is a food web? | food chains connected in a community |
| A large amount of energy is lost as? | heat |
| What is an energy pyramid? | a diagram that shows energy loss in the food chain |
| Which is more in numbers the secondary consumers or primary consumers? | secondary consumers |
| Name some primary consumers? | mice and deer |
| What is a secondary consumer? | animals that eat other animals |
| Name some secondary consumers? | owls, turtles, lion, tigers, bears, and humans |
| How can the population increase? | it will increase if the number of births go up or the number of deaths that go down |
| How can the population decrease? | if there are more deaths than births |
| The movement of animals out of an area is called_________? | emigration |
| The movement of animals into a population is called________? | immigration |
| Any condition that keeps the size of a population from increasing is called a_______? | limiting factor |
| A population uses more ______________and,___________ as it increases in size? | sunlight, space, water, food |
| What is a community? | it is all of the living things in an area that depend upon each other |
| What are communities identified by? | the kinds of living things that are there |
| A place where a plant and animal lives is its______? | habitat |
| The job of the organism in the community is its_______? | niche |
| What are mostly single-celled organisms that have a nucleus and other cell parts? | protists |
| What are organisms that have cell walls and absorb food from their surroundings? | Fungi |
| What are organisms that are made up of many cells, have chlorophyll, and can make their own food? | Plants |
| What are organisms that have many cells, can’t ,make their own food, and can move? | Animals |
| What is the smallest group of living things? | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species |
| What is the largest group within a kingdom? | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species |
| What is the largest group within a phylum? | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species |
| What is the largest group within a family? | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species |
| What are three reasons why scientists use scientific names? | 1. No mistakes can be made about which living thing is being described. 2. Seldom change 3. Written in the same language around the world |
| What two kingdoms did early scientists group living things in? | Plants and animals |
| What are the five kingdoms scientists use today for classifying living things? | Monerans, Protists, Fungi, and Animals |
| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, and family are the classification groups of what animal? | Lion and Deer |
| Classifying is based on what? | Relation, Ancestors, Similarities in body structure, and body chemistry |
| Linnaeus made a number of important changes in Aristotle’s system what were they? | 1. He classified plants and animals into more groups. 2. He based his system on specific traits. 3. He gave organisms names that describe their traits. |
| Robert who looked at thin slices of cork under a microscope. He used the word cells to describe the empty spaces in cork? | Hooke |
| 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells come from other cells. Are what? | Major Idea of the cell theory |
| A living thing grows by using? | materials and energy |
| What is the basic unit of all living things? | cell |
| What is the ability to do work? | energy |
| All living things carry out cellular respiration from? | food |
| To form offspring similar to the parents is called? | reproduction |
| All the changes that occur as a living thing grows are called? | development |
| Living things that eat, or consume, other living things are called? | consumer |
| Living things that make, or produce, their own food are what? | producer |
| The process by which food is broken down and energy is released is what? | cellular respiration |
| The basic units of all living things are what? | cell |
| A trait that makes a living thing better able to survive is what? | adaptation |
| The environment is made up of all the living and ___-______ things that surround another living thing? | non-living |
| Living things are made up of what? | matter |
| What is the symbol for oxygen? | O |
| What is the symbol for hydrogen? | H |
| How many elements make up over 99% of matter in living things? | seven |
| What part of the cell gives the cell shape and holds the cytoplasm? | cell membrane |
| The cell part that controls most of the cells activity is called? | nucleus |
| The cell structure that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the cell is called the? | nuclear membrane |
| The cell part that helps make ribosomes is called the? | nucleolus |
| What is the cell part with information that determines what traits a living thing will have? | chromosomes |
| What is clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell? | cytoplasm |
| What are cell parts where proteins are made? | ribosomes |
| What is a cell part that produces energy from food that has been digested? | mitochondria |
| A liquid- filled space that stores food, water, and minerals is called? | vacuole |
| What are cell parts that help with cell reproduction? | centrioles |
| What are cell parts that contain the green pigment, chlorophyll? | chloroplasts |
| What is the thick outer covering outside the cell membrane? | cell wall |
| Which cell part is being described?Helps keep cytoplasm inside? | cell membrane |
| Which cell part is being described? Controls most of the cells activities? | nucleus |
| Which cell part is being described? A liquid-filled space for storage? | vacuole |
| Which cell part is being described? Green parts of a plant that traps energy from the sun? | chlorophyll |
| Which cell part is being described? Clear, jellylike material in which most of the cells chemical reactions take place? | cytoplasm |
| Why mitochondria are called “powerhouses” of the cell? | they produce so much energy |
| What is the movement of a substance from where there is a small amount of it? | diffusion |
| What is the movement of the water across the cell membrane? | osmosis |
| What is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a special job? | tissue |
| A group of tissue that work together to do a job is? | an organ |
| What are the study of traits that are passed from parents to offspring? | genetics |
| In the cells, chromosomes are located in? | nucleus |
| How many chromosomes does a human body have? | 46 |
| Traits may be determined by one? | gene |
| How many chromosomes do body cells have? | they have twice as many as sex cells |
| A female with gene pair DD produces eggs containing? | only one kind of gene |
| Mendal first studied genetic crosses in? | peas |
| Heterozygous offspring could be shown by? | Tt |
| A person with a dominant trait may be? | heterozygous |
| Shows how genes possibly combine during fertilization? | punnett square |
| Having both a dominant and a recessive gene for a trait? | heterozygous |
| Having two recessive genes for a trait\? | pure recessive |
| A mouse with gene BB would have? | blach hair |
| The term used to describe Bb combination of gene is? | heterozygous |
| Each sex cell has how many chromosomes of each kind? | one |
| Which cell part is the smallest? | gene |
| What is an organism with two dominant genes for a trait? | pure dominant |
| What is an organism with two recessive genes for a trait? | pure recessive |
| [pure dominant | free earlobes pure recessive |
| A person with pure dominant has _ earlobes? | free |
| A person with pure recessive has _ earlobes? | attached |
| What is an individual is one with a dominant and a recessive gene for a trait? | heterozygous |
| The heterozygous has a recessive gene and a dominant gene. Which one shows and which one does not when it is heterozygous? | the dominant shows and the recessive gene does not |
| [long wing W (dominant), Roll tongue r (recessive)] Are long wings a dominant or recessive trait? | dominant trait |
| Membranes always have openings, called ______? | pores |
| What are the living parts of the human body that make up an organ system? | Stomach, mouth, small intestine, liver, and the digestive system. |
| In osmosis what liquid substance diffuses? | water |
| An organism is a _______ ______? | living thing |
| A group of organs that work together to do a certain job is called? | an organ systems |
| A group of tissues that work together to do a job is? | An organ |
| Tissue is? | a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a special job. |
| Movement of water across the cell is _______? | osmosis |
| Movement of a substance from where there is a small amount of it is called _________? | diffusion |
| What are reasons cells began to reproduce to fast? | chemicals, radiation, and viruses |
| A disease in which body cells reproduce at an abnormally fast rate is? | cancer |
| How many times do skin cells reproduce? | 20 |
| How does mitosis affect your fingernails? | when mitosis slows down your fingernail don’t grow because they grow by mitosis |
| What are common signs of aging? | loss of hair, wrinkled skin, and loss of calcium |
| The process of becoming older is called? | aging |
| What are polar bodies? | a small cell formed during meiosis in a female |
| What are ovaries? | female sex organs |
| Where do eggs form? | in the ovaries |
| What are testes? | the male sex organs that produces sperm |
| Where do sperm form? | in the testes |
| What does the tail on the sperm help it do? | swim/move |
| How are sperm and eggs different? | eggs are bigger, and sperm have tails |
| Between what ages does puberty start? | 10and 15 years old |
| The stages in life when a person begins to develop sex cells? | puberty |
| What are four ways eggs and sperm cells alike? | both are sex cells, both formed by meiosis, each has half the number found in body cells , in humans, both cells began to develop by meiosis at puberty. |
| How many cells are there at the end of step 6? | 4cells |
| How many steps are in meiosis? | 6 (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, prophase) |
| How many of chromosomes are in the four cells? | half of the original number. |
| What do the sister chromosomes do? | stay joined together |
| What does each pair of chromosomes do? | goes to a different cell |
| When the divides for the 1st time what happened? | each chromosomes in a pair moves away from its partner. |
| The large, round part in the center is the nucleus, it has two main jobs what are they? | One is to direct the actions of other cell parts. The other is to allow the cell to reproduce. |
| Long threadlike parts inside the nucleus that contain genetic material are called? | Chromosomes |
| During cell reproduction what do the chromosomes become to look like? | Short and thick |
| What are the two main type of cell? | Body cells and sex cells |
| What are cells that make up most of the tissues and organs in your body? | Body cells |
| A sperm cell or an egg cell are considered to be? | sex cells |
| What do all chromosomes contain? | Genes |
| What is a small section of chromosome that determines a specific trait of an organism? | Gene |
| What are examples of traits? | Eye color, hair color, and shape of body parts such as ears |
| Each chromosome has different kinds of what? | Genes that control different traits |
| What are dominant genes? | Genes that keep other genes from showing their traits |
| If a mother has an attached earlobe trait and a father has the free earlobe how many genes will the child have? | The child will have one gene from each trait |
| The aiding of a healthy gene into the body of a person suffering from a disorder? | Gene therapy |
| ATCG matches with? | TAGC |
| DNA molecule looks like a? | A ladder |
| The side parts of a DNA molecule are? | Sugar an acid |
| A way of producing living things with identical traits is? | Cloning |
| When a cell reproduces what happens? | It has the same genetic message |
| An example of a mutation in cell code is what? | A goes with T or G goes with C |
| A serious blood disease from a mutation is what? | Hemophilia |
| What is a easy way mutations happen? | Whens errors happen in the chromosomes message |
| Certain chemicals cause what? | mutation |
| Which twin type can be a different sex? | Fraternal |
| Is a molecule that makes up genes and determines traits of all living things? | DNA |
| Forms the rungs of the DNA molecule? | Nitrogen bases |
| Chemical that acts as a message for DNA? | RNA |
| Code that translates the DNA language into the protein language? | genetic code |
| Is any change in copying DNA message? | Mutation |
| Is energy that is going off by atoms? | Radiation |
| Two children that form splitting of one fertilized egg? | Identical twin |
| Are twins that form from 2 different fertilized eggs? | Fraternal twins |
| Bringing together of two living things to reproduce offspring? | Breeding |
| Is DNA this formed when DNA from one organism is onto the DNA of another organism? | Recommend DNA |
| What do breeders do to make a great plant or animal? | Breed two great an get best of both traits |
| What was one of the first animals to be cloned? | sheep |
| What does splice mean? | insert or join together |
| Why do scientist splice genes? | to get the traits they want |
| What disorder might be cured cause some of gene therapy? | Cystpibrosis, hemophilia |
| What do molds of DNA look like? | a ladder |
| What very powerful radiation can cause mutation from the sun? | X-rays and ultra violent |
| A mutation can happen to a child if? | another family member had that mutation. |
| What type of living parts are in a seashore ecosystem? | Plants, Animals, Algae, Bacteria, Protozoans, and fungi. |
| Where does soil come from? | Broken down rock. |
| A community interacting with the environment is a what? | Ecosystem |
| Name one step of the water cycle? | Water falls to earth as rain/ snow. Runs off into bodies of water -taken up by plants, animals -flows to underground bodies of water - passes out of plant leaves, Animals lose water through waste and it evaporates. |
| The study of how living things interact with each other is? | Ecology |
| What do you study when you are looking at a community? | You study only how the living things affect each other. |
| What is the reusing of nitrogen in an ecosystem? | Nitrogen cycle |
| The path that water takes through an ecosystem is also known as? | Water cycle |
| Changes that take place in a community as it gets older is called? | succession |
| What two things are needed in an ecosystem? | Air and water |
| Without oxygen and carbon dioxide what two things can’t take place? | Respiration and photosynthesis |
| For cellular respiration you have to have what? | Oxygen, sugar, carbon dioxide, and water |
| What is the last or final stage of succession in a community? | Climax community |
| What are the nonliving parts in a ecosystem? | Soil, air, water, light, and temperature |
| Plants, animals, algae bacteria, protozoans, and fungi are also known as what? | Producers, consumers, and decomposers. |
| Water that falls to the earth as rain or snow is? | precipitation |
| All the factors light, temperature, and precipitation make up what? | Climate |
| A land area with a distinct climate and with specific types of plants and animals is? | A biome |
| What do you study when you’re looking at an ecosystem? | How the nonliving and living parts affect each other. |
| An ecosystem can be as small as a roadside ditch or as large as one of the great lakes is this true? | yes |
| Light from the sun is used by what to make food? | Plants |
| What six things do biomes include? | Tropical rain forest, grasslands, deserts, temperate forests, taiga, and tundra |
| Why aren’t palm trees able to live in tundra? | Because it is a very dry area. |
| Plants and animals need nitrogen for what? | to make protein. |
| How many chromosomes does a human egg cell and a human sperm cell have? | 23 |
| All living things pass the traits to their? | offspring |
| How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? | 46 |
| The chromosomes in most living things are? | paired |
| A way of looking at the chromosomes of a fetus is? | amniocentesis |
| As you learned in chapter 26 traits can be? | dominant or recessive |
| How does a doctor perform amniocentesis? | he uses a long needle to draw fluid out of the amniotic sac |
| Chromosomes not related to sex are called? | autosomes |
| Word blindness is also called? | dyslexia |
| What is the use of genetics to predict problem traits in children? | genetic counseling |
| What is the chromosome that determines sex of a child? | the x or y chromosome from the dad |
| What is the female sex chromosome? | x chromosome |
| What is the female sex cell called? | egg |
| What is the male sex cell called? | sperm |
| What is the traits in which neither gene is totally dominant over the other? | recessive |
| What is vision problem related to sex chromosome? | color blindness |
| What is the male sex chromosome? | y chromosome |
| What is the diagram used to trace family traits? | pedigree |
| What is it called when a new trait appears in complete dominance? | error |
| What is it called when there is an error in chromosome number? | the body might have a extra finger or toe. |
| What is sickle cell anemia? | instead of round red blood cell they are sickle shaped |
| What are x and y chromosomes? | the y chromosome comes from the dad and determines the sex of the baby, and the x chromosomes comes from the mom and give it traits. |
| What happens when the gene is RR’? | The person doesn’t have serious health risks but isn’t as active as a person with round blood cells |
| Person who can’t separate colors? | color blindness |
| What is word blindness? | dyslexia |
| What is the prediction of genes of a child? | Genetic counseling |
| A diagram that shows possible genetics an offspring will have? | punnett square |
| What are chromosomes that don’t determine the sex of the offspring? | Autosomes |
| What are chromosomes that determine sex of the offspring? | sex chromosomes |
| A way to trace the traits from your ancestors to yourself? | pedigree |
| How many different types of blood are there? | four |
| If your genes are R’R’ you have? | sickle-cell anemia |
| What type of chromosomes and how many does a female have? | Two X chromosomes |
| What types of chromosomes and how many of each does a male have? | 1 Y and 1 X chromosome |
| What is one kind of cell reproduction in an organism called? | Mitosis and meiosis |
| Cells that make up most of the body are called? | Body cells |
| In which thing in your body does Mitosis never occur after birth? | Muscle |
| What is most of the material inside the cell called? | Cytoplasm |
| What is present in the cytoplasm? | Cell nucleus and centrioles |
| What surrounds the nucleus? | Nuclear membrane |
| What are inside the nucleus? | Chromosomes/ genetic material |
| What is the most important step that takes place in the nucleus before the cell goes through Mitosis? | Each chromosome doubles |
| The two strands of a chromosome after it becomes doubled are called? | Sister Chromatids |
| What also doubles just before mitosis begins? | The centrioles |
| How many steps are there in mitosis? | Four- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| What is the first thing that happens in mitosis? | Sister chromatids begin to shorten and thicken |
| What is the second thing that happens in step one of mitosis? | The nuclear membrane begins to break down. |
| What forms between the centrioles of a cell during mitosis? | Fibers |
| During mitosis what is the protein that forms between the two ends of a cell called? | Fibers |
| What is the first thing that happens in step two (Metaphase)? | The centrioles move apart to opposite ends of the cell |
| What happens to the sister chromatids during mitosis? | They become attached to the fibers at the point where the two strands are joined to each other |
| What is the sister chromatids pulled apart by in mitosis? | fibers |
| After the sister chromatids are pulled apart in mitosis what happens to each chromatid? | It is separated by its identical partner |
| What are pulled by fibers to the opposite end of the cell in mitosis? | Chromatid strands |
| How is telophase in mitosis like prophase in mitosis? | They have same amount of chromosomes |
| What are two benefits of Mitosis? | Helps us grow by producing new cells and Replaces cells that died or injured. |
| A reproductive cells produced in sex organs are called? | Sex cells |
| What kinds of sex cells are made by males? | Sperm |
| What kinds of sex cells are made by females? | Eggs |
| A kind of cell reproduction that forms eggs and sperm is called? | Meiosis |
| How many times do cells divide in meiosis? | Twice |
| The acid rain problem is the greatest on what coast of the United States and Canada? | West |
| Ozone is being destroyed by what? | Air Conditioners |
| What destroys forests, crops, buildings, and lakes? | Acid rain |
| Substances with PH values higher than 7 are what? | bases |
| Acid rain has a PH lower than what? | 7 |
| Particles in smoke from coal-burning plants can get into your? | lungs |
| Smog is a combination of ? | smoke and fog |
| Clean water and usable soil are what? | biodegradable |
| Anything that makes the environment unclean or unhealthy is what? | pollution |
| Material that settles out of water on the bottom of a stream? | sediment |
| Could cause melting of polar ice? | ozone |
| A gas that gives radiation? | radon |
| A gas that protects us from the sun’s radiation? | greenhouse effect |
| Chemicals used to destroy insects? | pesticides |
| Supply 89% of our energy needs? | natural resources |
| The reusing of natural resources is called? | recycling |
| Burning coal produces acid rain because acid rain contains? | sulfur |
| A toxic waste produced in making paint and ink? | DDT |
| Smog is? | air pollution |
| Soot is? | land pollution |
| Mercury is? | air pollution |
| Pesticides are? | water pollution |
| PCD? | water pollution |
| The ozone layer causes___________ radiation to reach earth.? | harmful |
| Animals and plants can become ? | endangered |
| Turning off lights when not needed can help reduce? | pollution |
| Acid rain forms in the air when water combines with? | sulfur dioxide |
| Any part of the environment used by humans are? | natural resources |
| When a species in in danger of becoming extinct they are said to be ? | endangered |
| Species close to being endangered are? | threatened |
| The wearing away of soil by water is? | erosion |
| Material that settles at the bottom of the stream is? | sediment |
| Anything that makes the surroundings unhealthy or unclean is ? | pollution |
| The remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago become? | fossil fuel |
| Poisons are also called? | toxins |
| A combination of smoke and fog is called? | smog |
| When trapped heat causes temps on Earth to rise slowly is called? | greenhouse effect |
| A molecule make of 3 oxygen atoms is? | ozone |
| A gas that gives off radiation is called a ? | radon |
| Chemicals used to kill unwanted pests is ? | insecticide |
| Something can be broken down by microbes into harmless chemicals and used by other living things are called? | biodegradable |
| Liquids that have PH values lower than 7 are called? | acids |
| Liquids that have a PH value greater than 7 are called? | bases |
| Rain that has a PH between 1 and 5.5 is called? | acid rain |
| The reusing of resources is referred to as? | recycling |
| Why are plants important? | they make oxygen |
| Plants and animals can die from? | pollutants |
| How does smog occur? | when chemicals react with the sun’s energy |
| Smog caused irritations in what parts of the body? | lungs, ears, nose, eyes, and throat |
| What is effected by the rise in temps on Earth? | polar ice caps, habitats, animals and plants |
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