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Bio.Final(Key Terms)
Bio. Final Exam
| Side A | Side B |
|---|---|
| contributions of Rosalind Franklin: | )first x-ray of DNA )discovered that DNA= 2-sided+dbl. stranded |
| contributions of Watson + Crick: | )first 3-D model of DNA )Nobel Peace Prize |
| process by which new strands of DNA are made called ____________ | DNA Replication |
| _____ are used to break bonds b/t nitrogen base pairs + to put new pairs together | enzymes |
| The ____, which actually make the proteins, are located in the ____ of the cell | ribosomes, cytoplasm |
| a typical protein consists of abt. __ _______ joined together | 200 amino acids |
| Protein synthesis is divided into 2 parts. First part, _______, occurs when the DNA code is copied. Second part, ________, is the process that actually builds the protein. | transcription, translation |
| the pattern strand of DNA is referred toas the ______. | template strand |
| DNA stands for what? | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What's the function of DNA, + why's this so impt.? | It codes for proteins; impt. b/c they determine all metabolic processes, + phys. appearance, etc. |
| What's the common name given to a DNA molecule to describe it? Describe a molecule of DNA. | a double helix= common name; describe: 2 strands of nucleotides twisted around each other |
| Three structural diff. b/t DNA + RNA. | DNA: deoxyribose, thymine, dbl.-stranded; RNA; ribose, uracil, single-stranded |
| list the 3 parts of a nucleotide | phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base |
| what's protein synthesis + when does it occur? | process by which protein is made; occurs all the time-- every time a protein is coded for |
| why's prot. synth. the most impt. of the cellular processes so far learned? | b/c codes for proteins that make up all bodily processes+for traits, etc. |
| list steps in process by which DNA copies itself. | enzyme unzips portion of DNA; free-floating nucleotides plug into template strand; an enzyme (3-D) proofreads match; another enzyme re-zips DNA molecule back up; process continues simultaneously until DNA is completely copied + u have 1 par.+1 dau. strand |
| describe process of protein synth.(transcription) | =enzyme unzips part of template strand =mRNA nucleotide plugs into template strand =once DNA code is copied, mRNA leaves nucleus + goes to ribosome =an enzyme rezips DNA back up |
| PRACTICE THE DNA REP. PROBLEMS. [A-T, C-G, etc.] | |
| describe process of protein synth.(translation) | mRNA arrives @ ribosome; rRNA attaches mRNA to tRNA which is pre-attached to an amino acid; once protein is complete, it goes to wherever needed; tRNA goes to find another amino acid; mRNA leaves ribosomes + returns to nucleus to be reused |
| first cell formed after fusion of gametes: | zygote |
| passing on of traits from parent to offspring: | heredity |
| Mendel lived where? | Austria |
| inside of a Punnet Square represents possible what? | offspring |
| A genetic cross that deals w/ 2 traits is what type? | dihybrid |
| When org. are being crossed, represents what? | sexual reproduction |
| trait expressed in presence of only one allele: | dominant |
| gamete-- | haploid cell used in sexual repro. |
| List + define the 3 trait types. | )phys. trait: structures inside + out of an org. )behavioral trait: what org. actually does )phsycological trait: how structures of an org. inside+out work |
| State Law of Indep. Assortment. | the allele inherited for one trait is indep. of that of an allele inherited from another trait, unless they're on same chromosome |
| State Law of Segregation. | 2 alleles for each trait will separate during meiosis |
| gene-- | piece of DNA that codes for a trait |
| homozygous-- | an org. w/ same 2 alleles |
| BE ABLE TO LIST AND DEFINE THE 9 TYPES OF INHERITANCE. | ; |
| t=Dominant/Recessive: | dominant allele is fully expressed while recessive allele is turned off. recessive allele required 2 alleles to be fully expressed-- Rr, rr |
| t=Incompletely Dominant: | both alleles partially expressed-- rw=pink |
| t=Codominance: | both allels fully expressed-- RW= red=white patches |
| t=Mult. Alleles: | more than 2 alleles available in a pop.-- blood types= AA, AO, BB, BO, OO |
| t=Polygenic: | more than 1 gene that codes for the same trait-- ex.= hair color has 6 genes that code for it |
| t=Sex-Limited: | a trait expressed i one gender or set-- ex.: genitalia |
| t=Sex-Influenced: | a gene dominant in one gender becomes recessive in the other-- ex.: male-pattern baldness |
| t=Sex-Linked: | a trait that's linked on the 'X" chromosome-- ex.: hemophilia |
| t=Linked-Gene: | genes that are linked on the same chromosome |
| _____ was a contemporary of Darwin's + published a paper on same theory as him before he did | Wallace |
| _____ is an ex. of divergent evolution. | Grand Canyon squirrels |
| ____ is an ex. of convergent evolution | dolphins' fins and fish's fins |
| relatively fast + dramatic evolutionary change caused by massive environmental change is called what? | punctuated equilibrium |
| horse is an example of what? | gradualism |
| What's the source of all evolution? | change(?) |
| analogous structures-- | different structure, but same function |
| vestigial organs-- | organs ta=hat serve no biological function |
| microevolution-- | small changes over time due to natural selection |
| adaptive radiation-- | when 2 species become mult. species similtaneously b/c of availability for interaction among multiple environments |
| comparative anatomy-- | comparison of bio. structures (anatomy) |
| mutation-- | gene that's been inserted, deleted, switched, or added |
| the 3 claims made by geologists abt. planet Earth+ reasoning | 1)"earth is 4.6 mil. yrs. old" 2)"It has changed dramatically over time3) "99% of all life is now extinct" [Reasoning: Earth's layers, Carbon 14 Dating, transitional species, fossils themselves |
| 4 types of things looked @ in Comparative Biochemistry | 1)field of Microbiology 2)fossil records 3)comparative anatomy 4)somparative embryology |
| 2 characteristics all vertebrate embryos share @ some pt. | tail buds, 3 gill slits |
| the 3 western theories explaining speciezation on planet. | 1)Special Creation-- Western interp. of Bible, mechanism= God, states that God created all species "as is"; 2)Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics-- Lamarck, mec.= enviro. need, "God created everything, but species changed over time."; 3)Descent w/mod. |
| Bacteria shut down in unfavorable conditions + form an ________. | endospore |
| Kingdom Monera defined in one word: | prokaryote |
| protein coat of a virus: | capsid |
| A virus is __ to __x smaller than a bacterium. | 10,000 - 100,000 |
| When viruses contriol making more of themselves: | replication |
| nitrogen fixation-- | when an org. converts atmospheric nitrogen to reusable matter |
| prokaryote-- | cell w/out a nucleus |
| 3 ways bac. have of increasing their genetic diversity: | *conjugation:process by which 2 bac. of same species exchange DNA through a cytoplasmic bridge *transformation:ability of bac. to pick up DNA from enviro. *transduction:exchange of DNA b/t bac. via a virus |
| 3 bac. shapes: | rod, spiral, sphere |
| the 3 asexual repro. methods of fungus: | budding, fragmentation,asexual frutiting body |
| How to tell if a fungus is sexually reproducing: | will be able to see nuclei in one cell |
| How many fungal phylas are there? | 4 |
| Define the animal kingdom. | eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic hunters |
| only animal phyla that shows radial symmetry | Cniderians |
| only animal phyla that's asymmetrical | Porifera |
Created by:
hcmeek
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