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Med-Surg II (ch. 23)
Problems of Protection (Cancer Development)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Harmless | Benign |
| Cancer | Malignant cell growth |
| 2 reasons for increase in cancer | 1) long life expectancy 2) increased exposure to substances that cause cancer |
| cell division | mitosis |
| growth that causes tissue to increase in size by enlarging each cell | hyptertrophy |
| growth that causes tissue to increase in size by increasing the number of cells | hyperplasia |
| Any new or continued cell grwoth not needed for normal development or replacement of dead and damaged tissues; always abnormal even if it causes no harm | neoplasia |
| Occurs because normal cells divided for only 2 reasons | limited cell division |
| 2 reasons limited cell division occurs | 1) to develop normal tissue 2) to replace lost or damaged normal tissue |
| Programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| Purpose of apoptosis | To ensure that each organ has an adequate number of cells at their functional peak |
| The feature in which each normal cell type has a distinct and recognizable appearance, size, and shape | Specific morphology |
| The nucleus of a normal cell does not take up much space inside the cell | Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio |
| Every normal cell has at least one special function it performs to contribute to whole-body function | Differentiated Function(s) |
| Occurs because normal cells make proteins that protrude from membranes, allowing cells to bind closely and tightly together | Tight adherence |
| A protein that keeps most normal tissues bound tightly to each other | Fibronectin |
| Cells that do not bind together because they do not produce fibronectin | RBCs & WBCs |
| The feature that means normal cells do not wander throughout the body (except for blood cells) | nonmigratory |
| A stong feature of normal cells; they don't divide unless body conditions are optimal for cell dividion: need for more cells, adequate space, and sufficient nutrients and other resources | Orderly and well-regulated growth |
| Living cells that are actively carry out their functions by do not actively reproducing; reproductive resting state | G-0 |
| Makes one cell divide into 2 cells | mitotic cell division |
| Produce proteins that regulate the control cell cycle of mitotis | suppressor genes |
| Proteins that promote cells to enter and complete cell division; | Cyclins |
| once activated, they first allow a cell to leave the G-0 state and enter the mitotic cycle | cyclins |
| Cyclins are produced | oncogenes |
| The cell is getting ready for division by taking on extra nutrients, making more energy, and growing extra membrane; cytoplasm increases | G1 phase |
| DNA doubles in content through DNA synthesis | S phase |
| Cell makes important proteins that will be used in actual cell division and in normal physiologic function after cell division an in normal physiologic funtion after cell division is complete | G2 phase |
| The single cell splits apart into two cells (actual mitotis) | Mphase |
| the stopping of further rounds of cell division when the dividing cell is completely surrounded and touched by other cells | Contact inhibition |
| A feature of most normal human cells; 23 pairs of normal chromosomes | Euploidy |
Created by:
nursewilliams86
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