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Basic Neuro Part 1
Day 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Receptor: sends a continuous electrical signal throughout a continuous stimulus | Slowly adapting |
| Receptor: sends an electrical signal only at the beginning and end of a continuous stimulus | Rapidly adapting |
| What sensory receptor communicates with the following information?: pricking pain (fast, myelinated) | A-delta free n endings |
| What sensory receptor communicates with the following information?: Burning or dull pain and itch | C free n endings |
| What sensory receptor communicates with the following information?: receptor for cold sensation | cold nociceptor, a type of A-delta free n ending |
| What sensory receptor communicates with the following information?: receptor for warm sensatoin | warm thermoreceptor, a type of C free n ending |
| What sensory receptor communicates with the following information?: vibration and pressure | Pacinian corpuscles (rapidly adapting, deep layers/dermis) |
| What sensory receptor communicates with the following information?: dynamic/changing light, discriminatory touch | Meissner's corpuscles (rapidly adapting, superficial layers) |
| What sensory receptor communicates with the following information?: static/unchanging light touch | Merkel's disks (slowly adapting, superficial layers) |
| What sensory receptor communicates with the following information?: proprioception information- m length monitoring | Muscle spindle |
| What sensory receptor communicates with the following information?: proprioception information- m tension monitoring | Golgi tendon organ |
| What sensory receptor matches the following description?: resenmbles an onion in cross-section | Pacinian corpuscle |
| What sensory receptor matches the following description?: robust spindle-shaped structures found particularly on the soles of the feet | Raffini endings (slowly adapting, deep layers of dermis) |
| What sensory receptor matches the following description?: found only in areas of skin without hair (fingertips, lips, eyelids, etc.) | Meissner's corpuscles |
| What sensory receptor matches the following description?: simplest sensory receptor thought to be pain receptor or thermoreceptors | Free n endings |
| What sensory receptor matches the following description?: touch receptor that is tough to distinguish from melanocytes | Merkel cells |
| Which nervous system cell matches the following description?: looks like fried eggs under histo staining | oligodendroglia |
| Which nervous system cell matches the following description?: form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS when infected with HIV | microglia |
| Which nervous system cell matches the following description?: myelinates multiple CNS axons | Oligodendroglia |
| Which nervous system cell matches the following description?: myelinates one PNS axon | Schwann cells (Schwann cells Stay Single) |
| Which nervous system cell matches the following description?: damaged in Guillain-Barre | Schwann cells |
| Which nervous system cell matches the following description?: damaged in MS | Oligodendroglia |
| Which nervous system cell matches the following description?: macrophages of the CNS | Microglia |
| Which nervous system cell matches the following description?: cells of the BBB | Astrocytes |
| Name the 4 major dopaminergic pathways. | 1. Mesocortical path (ventral tegmental of midbrain->cortex) 2. Mesolimbic path (ventral teg->limbic system) 3. Nigrostriatal path (substantia nigra/pars compacta->striatum/caudate+putamen) 4. Tuberoinfundibular path (arcuate nuc of hypothal->pituitary |
| What is the result of blocking the mesocortical pathway? | Increase in negative symptoms of psychosis (e.g., social withdrawal and depression) |
| What is the result of blocking the mesolimbic pathway? | Relief of psychosis (positive symptoms); this is the pathway targeted by neuroleptics |
| What is the result of blocking the nigrostriatal pathway? | Parkinson's symptoms (stimulation would result in extrpyramidal side effects) |
| What is the result of blocking the tuberoinfundibular pathway? | Increase in release of prolactin from pituitary--> amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and galactorrhea |
| What disorder is thought to arise from reduced NE activity? | Depression |
| What disorder is thought to arise from increased NE activity? | Anxiety and mania |
| What disease is assoc'd with the degeneration of the basal nucleus of Meynert and less CNS acetylcholine? | Alzheimer's disease |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: considered the master clock for most of our circadian rhythms | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: regulates the parasympathetic NS | anterior and preoptic nuclei |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: destruction results in hyperthermia | anterior and peroptic nuclei |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: regulates the sympathetic nervous system | posterior and lateral nuclei |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to regulate water balance | supraoptic nucleus |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: receives input from the retina | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: savage behavior and obesity result from stimulation | dorsal medial nucleus |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: savage behavior and obesity result from destruction | ventromedial nucleus |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: stimulating--> eating; destruction--> starvation | lateral nucleus |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: regulates teh release of gonadotropic hormones (e.g., LH and FSH) | pre-optic nucleus |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: responsible for sweating and cutaneous vasodilation in hot temperatures | anterior and preoptic nuclei |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: responsible for shivering and decreased cutaneous blood flow in the cold | posterior and lateral nuclei |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: destruction results in neurogenic diabetes insipidus | supraoptic |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: destruction results in inability to stay warm | posterior and lateral nuclei |
| Which nucleus of the hypothalamus fits the following description?: releases hormones affecting the anterior pituitary | Arcuate nucleus (A for Arcuate and Anterior) |
| Describe the general flow of information thru the cerebellum. | Inputs (mossy and climbing fibers)--> cerebellar cortex--> Purkinje fiber-->deep nuclei of cerebellum--> output targets |
| A lesion on the L side of the cerebellar hemisphere would cause a motor control deficit on which side of the body? | On the L (deficit is ipsilateral to lesion) |
| Name 4 neuro abnormalities that occur due to damage to the spinocerebellum (vermis and paravermis). | 1. Postural instability 2. Slurred/slowing of speech 3. Hypotonia 4. Pendular knee jerk reflexes |
| What symptoms are seen in anterior lobe (anterior vermis) syndrome? | Ataxia/dystaxia of legs leading to a broad-based staggering gait |
| What is the most common cause of anterior lobe (anterior vermis) syndrome? | Chronic alcohol abuse (causes thiamine deficiency which leads to degernation of the cerebellar cortex starting with the anterior lobe) |
| Name 4 neuro deficits that would be seen with damage to the cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemisphere). | 1. Uncoordinated voluntary movements 2. Trouble initiating and stopping movements 3. Dysmetria (can't control the power, distance, and speed of a movement) 4. Intention tremor |
| Name 3 tests that we use to test cerebellar function. | 1. Hand flipping on thighs 2. Finger to nose 3. Looking for tremor |
| Hey kids! It's time for NAME THAT TREMOR!: a/w Parkinson's disease, disappears with voluntary movement | Resting tremor (also known as pill rolling tremor) |
| Hey kids! It's time for NAME THAT TREMOR!: family history of tremor, occurs with movement and at rest, patients tend to self medicate with alcohol | Essential tremor (also known as familial tremor) |
| Hey kids! It's time for NAME THAT TREMOR!: a/w cerebellar damage, appears only with voluntary movement | Intention tremor |
| What are medical treatment options for essential (familial) tremor? | Beta blocker (propanolol), primidone (anticonvulsant), clonazepam. Patients tend to self-medicate with alcohol. |
| What neuro deficits might be seen with damage tot he vestibulocerebellum (vermis and flocculonodular)? | disequilibrium (can't maintain balance) and abnormal eye movements (cerebellar nystagmus that is more pronounced when pt looks toward side of lesion) |
| What is the most common cause of damage to the flocculonodular lobe? | Meduloblastoma in childhood |
| Is the following component of the basal ganglia a stimulator of movement or an inhibitor of movement?: indirect pathway | inhibitor |
| Is the following component of the basal ganglia a stimulator of movement or an inhibitor of movement?: direct pathway | stimulator |
| Is the following component of the basal ganglia a stimulator of movement or an inhibitor of movement?: globus pallidus externa | stimulator |
| Is the following component of the basal ganglia a stimulator of movement or an inhibitor of movement?: subthalamic nucleus | inhibitor |
| Is the following component of the basal ganglia a stimulator of movement or an inhibitor of movement?: substantia nigra pars reticulata | inhibitor |
| Is the following component of the basal ganglia a stimulator of movement or an inhibitor of movement?: substantia nigra pars compacta | stimulator |
| Is the following component of the basal ganglia a stimulator of movement or an inhibitor of movement?: thalamus | stimulator |
| Is the following component of the basal ganglia a stimulator of movement or an inhibitor of movement?: globus pallidus interna | inhibitor of movement |
| Which part of the basal ganglia can be either surgically lesioned or hyperstimulated to treat Parkinson's? | Subthalamic nucleus |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: contralateral hemiballismus | Subthalamic |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: eyes look toward the side of the lesion | Frontal eye fields |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: eyes look away from teh side of the lesion | PPRF |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: paralysis of upward gaze | Superior colliculi (Parinaud's syndrome) |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: hemispatial neglect syndrome | non-dominant (usually R) parietal lobe |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: coma | REticular activating system |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: poor repetition | Arcuate fasiculus (conduction aphasia) |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: poor comprehension | Wernicke's |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: poor vocal expression | Broca's |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: resting tremor | Substantia nigra (pars compacta) |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: intention tremor | Cerebellar hemisphere |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior | Amygdala (bilateral lesion) |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: personality changes | Frontal cortex |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: Dysarthria | Cerebellar vermis |
| A lesion to which area of the brain is responsible for which of the following clinical scenarios?: agraphia and acalculia | Dominant (usually L) parietal lobe |
| A patient with a cortical lesion is unaware of his neurologic deficiency. Where is the lesion? | Non-dominant parietal lobe (usually R) |
| Inability to express emotion or inflection in speech | Non-dominant Broca's aphasia |
| Inability to comprehend emotion or infection in speech | Non-dominant Wernicke's aphasia |
| What is the MC site of hypertensive hemorrhage? | basal ganglia and thalamus |
| Patient with h/o HTN develops sudden, wild flailing of his L arm and L leg. What caused this? | Hemiballismus secondary to a lacunar stroke (seen in pts w/ h/o HTN) |
| Person presents with seizures and convulsions related to synthesis of a CNS NT that has actions analagous to those produced by somatostatin in the gut. What vitamin deficiency does this patient have? | vitamin B6 (B6 is needed to synthesize GABA, an inhibitory NT of the CNS) |
Created by:
sarah3148
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