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A3 Biology S2 Exam
Exam vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aerobic Respiration | pathway if oxygen; process in which electron molecules bounce along a chain to the terminal acceptor oxygen and make ATP, in mitochondrion |
| Anaerobic Respiration | pathway if no oxygen is present; in cytosol |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | pathway the pyruvic acid takes if no oxygen; gains hydrogen from NAD+ and makes lactic acid |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | pathway the pyruvic acid takes if no oxygen; loses CO2 and gains hydrogen from NADH and makes ethyl alcohol |
| NAD+ | an organic molecule that reduces electron during redox reactions |
| FAD | a compound that reduces electrons during redox reactions |
| Pyruvic Acid | 3 carbon compound that is the result of Glycolysis |
| Citric Acid | 6 carbon compound made during the Krebs Cycle |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | space in the centered part of the Mitochondrion, where the Krebs Cycle happens |
| Inner Membrane | where the Electron Transport Chain happens; sencond membrane of the Mitochondrion |
| Krebs Cycle | a seres of biochemical reactions that result in CO2, NADH, FADH2, to drive the ELectron Transport Chain and two ATP; in Mitochondrial Matrix |
| Electron Transport Chain | on inner membrane, high electron molecules bounce along the chain to oxygen, forms water and ATP is made through ATP synthase because of hydrogen atoms being pumped through |
| G0 Phase | phase in the cell cycle where all DNA replication and cell division stop |
| Restriction Point | "point of no return" in cell cycle; once cell passes this point it is committed to making one fulll round in cycle |
| Nuclear Division | division of the nucleas; as in mitosis or meosis |
| Cytokensis | division of the cytoplasm or rest of the cell |
| Helicase | enzyme that "unzips" DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds attached to the nitrogen bases |
| DNA Polymerase | enzymes that replictes a new DNA strand ysing an old strand as a template |
| Chromatid | one half chromosome joined by a centromere in the center to connect to chromatids |
| Centromere | joins two chromatids together |
| Mutation | change in DNA |
| Excision Repair | DNA polymerase cuts out damaged sectin and puts in correct section with another enzyme to connect covalent bonds |
| Chromatin | loosely coiled DNA |
| Chromosome | tightly coiled DNA |
| Polar Fibers | spindele fiber that goes from centrosome to centrosome |
| Kinetochore Fibers | spindle fiber that goes from centrosome to centromere |
| Transcription | the enzyme assembly of RNA using a single strand of DNA |
| Translation | using mRNA to direct the order of amino acids to build a protein |
| Codon | the general genetic code of sequence; three nucleutides on mRNA to encode for the amino acid sequence |
| Anticodon | three nuleutides on tRNA to encode and bring the specific amino acid for the three nucleutides of mRNA |
| Intron | segment of DNA that does not code for protein |
| Exon | segment of DNA that codes for protein |
| Lytic Infection | virus enters cell replicates |
| Lysogenic Infection | virus enters DNA and disforms it; replicates when cell replicates |
| Virus | nonliving, infectious disease with either DNA or RNA along with a protein coat, can only replicate in living cells |
| Bacteria | living cell, spiral or non-spherical, important to pathogens and biochemical properties; antiboditics affect it |
| Promoter | on DNA, signal for Transcription to begin |
| Termination Signal | on DNA, signal for Transcription to stop |
| Genetic Code | sequence of nucleutides of DNA and RNA to produce a protein |
| Protein Synthesis | production of proteins |
| Start Codon | signal for Translation to start; always AUG |
| Stop Codon | signal for Translation to stop |
| Genetics | study of the probability that an offspring will get a gene |
| Heredity | the succession of traits passed on from parent to offspring |
| Somatic Cell | body cell |
| Gamete | reproductive cell |
| Asexual Reproduction | reproduction without the union of gametes |
| Sexual Reproduction | reproduction with the union the union of gametes |
| Gene | short segment of Dna |
| Allele | alternative form of a gene |
| Dominant | a trait that masks another trait, in a pair |
| Recessive | a trait that is masked by another trait, in a pair |
| Diploid | a cell that has both chromosomes of a homologous pair |
| Haploid | a cell that has only one chromosome of a homologous pair |
| Homozygous | both alleles of a trait are the same |
| Heterozygous | both alleles for a trait are different |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| Phenotype | the physical apperance of a trait based on the genotype |
| Chromosome Map | a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome |
| Deletion | a mutation in which a segment of DNA breaks off a chromosome |
| Frame Shift Mutation | a mutation that results in misreading of the code during Translation because of a change in the reading frame |
| Germ-Cell Mutation | a change in the DNA of a sex cell |
| Inversion | a mutation that occurs when a chromosome piece breaks off and reattaches in reverse orientation |
| Lethal Mutation | a mutation that causes death before birth |
| Map Unit | a unit in chromosome mapping equal to a 1 percent occurrence of crossing over |
| Nondisjunction | the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during Meiosis of the failure of sister chromatids to separate during Mitosis |
| Point Mutation | the change of a single nitrogen containing base within a codon |
| Somatic Mutation | a mutation that occurs in a body cell |
| Substitution | a point mutation in which one nucleotide in a codon is replaced with a different nucleotide |
| Translocation | a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome |
| Amniocentesis | a procedure used in fetal diagnosis in which the fetal cells are removed from the amniotic fluid |
| Carrier | individuals who have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele and do not express a trait but pass it on to their offspring |
| Chorionic Villi Sampling | a procedure involving the analysis of the chorionic villi to diagnose fetal blood types |
| Genetic Counseling | the process of informing a couple about their genetic makeup which has the potential to affect their offspring |
| Genetic Disorder | a disease that has a genetic basis |
| Genetic Marker | a short section of DNA that indicates the presence of an allele that codes foe a trait |
| Genetic Screening | an examination of a person's genetic make up |
| Monosomy | a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosome of one pair is missing as a result of nondisjunction during Meosis |
| Sex-Influenced Trait | a trait that is influenced by the presence of male or female sex hormones |
| Trisomy | a chromosomal anomaly in which an individual has an extra chromosome in any of the chromosome pairs |
| Huntington's Disease | gradual deterioration of brain tissue in middle age; shortened life expectancy |
| Achondroplasia | dwarfism |
| Polydactyly | extra fingers or toes |
| Albinism | unpigmented skin and hair |
| Cystic Fibrosis | mucus clogs lungs, liver, and pancreas |
| Hemophilia | failure of blood to clot |
| Muscular Dystrophy | wasting away of muscles |
| Tay-Sachs Disease | deterioration of centeral nervous system in infancy |
| Gradualism | model of evolution in which change takes place at a slow, steady rate, resulting in a steady increase in biological diversity |
| Fossils | traces of once living organisms |
| Australopithecines | eastern ape |
| Hominids | entire family of humans |
| Endosymbiont Hypothesis | hypothesis suggesting that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes living symbiotically inside other prokaryotes |
| Adaption Radiation | development of numerous species from a common ancestor in a diverse environment |
| Punctuated Equilibrium | speciation occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change followed by long periods of stability |
| Analogies | similarity in form or function that is not a result of evolution from a common ancestor but is evidence of convergent evolution |
| Binocular Vision | vision that uses both eyes at once; produces an appearance of solidity or depth because of the slightly different angle from which each eye views an object |
| Homologies | similarity of biological structures that results from evolution from a common ancestor |
| Opposable | anthropoid thumbs; able to be positioned opposite the other fingers, increases the hand use |
| Speciation | origin of new species as new result of evolutionary processes |
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