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BAMC M6 Neuro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acalculia | inability to do mathematical calculations |
| Agnosia | inability to recognize sensory input |
| Anisocoria | —inequality in size of the pupils |
| Apraxia | —inability to perform coordinated movements |
| Broca's (motor) aphasia | —inability to express self |
| Decorticate rigidity | —posture indicating lesion within the corticospinal tracts within or very near the cerebral hemispheres, with arms adducted, elbows and wrists flexed, legs extended and internally rotated, and feet plantar flexed |
| Decerebrate rigidity | —posture indicating lesion of the diencephalon, midbrain, or pons with jaw clenched, neck extended, elbows extended, forearms pronated, wrists flexed, knees extended, and feet plantar flexed |
| Nystagmus | —involuntary oscillation of the eyeball, either vertical, horizontal, or rotary |
| Wernicke's (sensory) aphasia | —inability to understand spoken language |
| Lumbar Puncture | A needle is inserted into the lumbar subarachnoid space, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae, and CSF is withdrawn for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. |
| Electroencephalography | EEG measures electrical activity of brain cells. |
| EEG can be helpful in Dx of?? | Provides physiologic assessment of cerebral activity for diagnosis of epilepsy, alterations in brain activity in coma and organic brain syndrome and sleep disorders. Particularly helpful in the investigation of patients with seizures. |
| needle electromyography (EMG) | In combination with nerve conduction studies, ________ is the gold standard for assessing the neurophysiologic characteristics of neuromuscular diseases. |
| Useful in distinguishing lower motor neuron disorders from muscle disorders (eg, ALS from muscular dystrophy). | needle electromyography (EMG) |
| I Olfactory Nerve | Smell |
| II Optic Nerve | Vision |
| III Oculomotor Nerve | Eye movement; pupil constriction |
| IV Trochlear Nerve | Eye movement |
| V Trigeminal Nerve | Somatosensory information (touch, pain) from the face and head; muscles for chewing. |
| VI Abducens Nerve | Eye movement |
| VII Facial Nerve | Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue); somatosensory information from ear; controls muscles used in facial expression. |
| VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve | Hearing; balance |
| IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve | Taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue); Somatosensory information from tongue, tonsil, pharynx; controls some muscles used in swallowing. |
| X Vagus Nerve | Sensory, motor and autonomic functions of viscera (glands, digestion, heart rate) |
| XI Spinal Accessory Nerve | Controls muscles used in head movement. |
| XII Hypoglossal Nerve | Controls muscles of tongue |
| OD (oculus dexter) or RE | right eye |
| OS (oculus sinister) or LE | —left eye |
| OU (oculus unitas)— | both eyes |
| IOP— | intraocular pressure |
| IOL— | intraocular lens |
| CT of the brain is primarily used to detect | cerebral hemorrhage, whereas CT of the brain with contrast is used to detect tumors and inflammatory disorders. |
| Spinal CT scan may be used to evaluate | lower back pain due to bony lesions or degenerative changes. CT myelogram is typically reserved for those who have had previous spinal surgery or a questionable diagnosis. |
| Positron-emission tomography (PET) scan is a | computer-based imaging technique that permits study of the brain's function by evaluating the metabolism, blood flow, and chemical processes within the brain. |
| Transcranial Doppler studies (TDSs) | involve noninvasive testing to measure flow changes in the form of velocities of the cerebral arteries. It helps evaluate vasospasm post-SAH, occulsion, or flow abnormalities as with stroke. |
| Advantages of cerebral angiography is useful in detecting.... | Useful in detection of stenosis or occlusion, aneurysms, and vessel displacement due to pathologic processes (eg, tumor, abscess, hematoma). |
| A needle is inserted into the lumbar subarachnoid space, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae, and CSF is withdrawn for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. | Lumbar Puncture |
| EEG measures | electrical activity of brain cells. |
| Electroencephalography | Provides physiologic assessment of cerebral activity for diagnosis of epilepsy, alterations in brain activity in coma and organic brain syndrome and sleep disorders. Particularly helpful in the investigation of patients with seizures. |
| Tensilon Test | A pharmacologic challenge study that assists in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. |
| Tensilon Test works by.... | The patient is administered an I.V. injection of Tensilon (edrophonium), a short-acting anticholinesterase, which improves muscle strength by increasing muscle response to nerve impulses. |
| If the patient has myasthenia gravis, muscle strength should ________as soon as the Tensilon is injected. EMG may supplement Tensilon test findings to confirm this disease. | improve |
| When a patient has ICP watch for Cushing's triad— | bradycardia, hypertension (with widening pulse pressure), and irregular respirations; this is classic symptomatology related to uncompromised increased ICP and is considered a neurologic medical emergency. |
| Bell's palsy | is an acute peripheral facial paralysis of the infratemporal portion of the seventh cranial nerve (facial) that most often occurs unilaterally. |
| The right side is affected 63% of the time with this disease process. | Bell's Palsy more commonly affects which side of the face?? |
| True or False Bell's Palsy is generally self limiting? | True - With or without treatment, most patients improve significantly within 2 weeks, and about 80% recover completely within 3 months. In rare cases, the symptoms may never completely resolve. |
| Keratitis | (inflammation of the cornea), ulceration, and vision loss are major threats to a patient with Bell's palsy. Protect the cornea if the eye does not close. |
| Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux) | is an intensely painful neurologic condition that affects one or more branches of the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve. |
| What is the most used medication to treat trigeminal Neuralgia? | Use of carbamazepine (Tegretol) is first and most effective medication used to treat the condition. |
| Stroke, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or brain attack is the | onset and persistence of neurologic dysfunction lasting longer than 24 hours and resulting from disruption of blood supply to the brain and indicates infarction rather than ischemia. |
| Strokes are classified as | ischemic (more than 70% of strokes) or hemorrhagic (associated with greater morbidity and mortality). |
| Aneurysms usually occur at | a bifurcation of an artery or major branches of the circle of Willis. |
| Meningitis is an inflammation of the | pia mater and arachnoid membranes that surround the brain and the spinal cord. The subarachnoid space between these two meninges contains CSF that may reflect the signs and symptoms of meningitis. |
| ________ meningitis is the most common form. | Viral |
| an inflammation of cerebral tissue, typically accompanied by meningeal inflammation. Meningoencephalitis is most commonly caused by a viral infection. Like meningitis, encephalitis can be infectious or noninfectious and acute, subacute, or chronic. | Encephalitis |
| In primary encephalitis, the ___________is the predominant foci of the toxin or pathogen. | brain or spinal cord |
| ________ encephalitis is a less serious form of encephalitis; it is caused by an infection that is spread from another part of the body. | Secondary |
| is caused by a direct infection of the gray matter containing neural cells. It results in perivascular inflammation and neuronal destruction. It is more common in children, and is most commonly caused by the herpes simplex virus | Acute viral encephalitis, accounting for the vast majority of cases..... |
| A brain abscess is | a free or encapsulated collection of infectious material of brain parenchyma, between the dura and the arachnoid linings (subdural abscess) or between the dura and the skull (epidural abscess). Spinal abscesses typically occur in the epidural region. |
| With cerebral subdural empyema or intracranial epidural abscesses, management consists of | trephining (drilling through skull to evacuate purulent material), systemic antibiotics, and treatment of cerebral edema. |
| Parkinson's disease is | a chronic, progressive neurologic disease affecting the brain centers responsible for control and regulation of movement. |
| Parkinson's disease is characterized by the following traits: | It is characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural abnormalities. |
| A deficiency of ________, due to degenerative changes in the substantia nigra of the brain, is thought to be responsible for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. | dopamine |
| _________ chronic, frequently progressive neurologic disease of the CNS of unknown etiology and uncertain trajectory. MS is characterized by the occurrence of small patches of demyelination of the white matter of the optic nerve, brain, and spinal cord. | Mulstiple Sclerosis (MS) |
| ALS / Lou Gehrig disease | is an incapacitating, fatal neuromuscular disease ALS results in progressive muscle weakness and progressive wasting and paralysis of the muscles. |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is | an acute, rapidly progressing, ascending inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy of the peripheral sensory and motor nerves and nerve roots. |
| Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a | chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular transmission of impulses in the voluntary muscles of the body. MG is characterized by fluctuating weakness increased by exertion. |
| Myasthenia gravis presents with weakness that.... | Weakness increases during the day and improves with rest. |
| Concussion— | transient interruption in brain activity; no structural injury noted on radiographics |
| Cerebral contusion— | bruising of the brain with associated swelling. Coup injury is the site of initial trauma; the contra coup injury is the site of rebound injury. Temporal and frontal lobes are common sites. |
| Intracerebral hematoma— | bleeding into the brain tissue commonly associated with edema. |
| Epidural hematoma— | blood between the inner table of the skull and dura. Frequently associated with injury or laceration of the middle meningeal artery secondary to a temporal bone fracture. Arterial bleed is commonly associated with a lucid interval, followed by unresponsiv |
| Subdural hematoma— | blood between the dura and arachnoid caused by venous bleeding; commonly associated with contusion, or intracerebral hematoma. |
| Basilar skull fracture of the anterior fossa results in | contusions around the eyes (raccoon eyes) and rhinorrhea. |
| Basilar skull fracture of the posterior fossa results in | contusions around the ears (Battle sign) and otorrhea. |
| Depressed fracture— | displacement of fracture past the inner table of the skull; risk of dural tear, CSF leak, and intracranial injury; may be closed or open. |
| CN1 | Olfactory identification of common odors |
| CN2 | Optic- visual acuity and visual fields |
| CN3 | oculomotor - pupillary responses size, shape, reactivity bilateraly. |
| CN4 | Trochlear tested with CN3 |
| CN5 | Trigeminal - jaw strength, facial sensation, corneal reflex |
| CN6 | abducens tested with CN3 |
| CN7 | Facial face moves in symmetry identification of taste (sensory) |
| CN8 | Acoustic - hearing |
| CN9 | glossopharyngeal - taste |
| CN10 | Vagus - gag reflex, movement of the uvula and soft palate |
| CN11 | Spinal accessory - shoulder and neck movement |
| CN12 | hypoglossal - tongue movement |
| What is the most common headache?? | Tension Headache |
| What medication can cause hypertrophy of the gums when used for long periods of time?? | Dilantin |
| Osmotic diuretic commonly used for the treatment of increased cranial pressure | Mannitol |
| Trigeminal Neuralgia is also known as? | Tic Douloreux |
| What causes Trigemninal Neuralgia? | Pressure or degeneration of CN5 |
Created by:
MissMaryLopez
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