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CM Earth Science 8-1
Unit 8 Mr. Wilbur/Barbis: Chapter 27
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Solar system | Sun and planets revolving around it |
| Planet | Any primary bodies orbiting sun |
| Theory how solar system formed | Solar nebula |
| Solar nebula | Rotating cloud of gas and dust spinning around; gravity pulled parts together |
| Our solar system composed of | 99% Sun (most matter), 1% rest of planets |
| Planet | Celestial body orbiting sun; round due to gravity; has own orbit (dominant object in orbit); cleared its neighborhood |
| Plantesimal | Small body from which a planet originated in early development of solar system |
| Protoplanets | Plantesimals that joined together through collisions and gravity |
| Inner planets | Smaller, rockier, denser; heavy elements left; pull in lighter elements to form atmosphere |
| Outer planets | Lighter elements; mostly larger; gas giants; H & He gases; low density |
| Differentiation of Earth/formation Earth’s atmosphere | Goes to where elements belong;Separation by density;Formed planets and atmosphere |
| 2 models of solar system | Geocentric; Heliocentric |
| Geocentric | Aristotle said Earth was center of solar system |
| Heliocentric | Ptolemy, Copernicus said sun is center; since things farther away move slower, closer-faster |
| Law of Ellipses | Kepler’s first law states each planet orbits the sun in a path called an ellipse |
| Eccentricity | Degree of elongation of elliptical orbit; determined by dividing distance between foci by length of major axis; |
| Ellipse | Has 2 foci; one is sun and other point is somewhere in space; vary in shape & size; |
| Major axis | The line connecting foci in ellipse |
| Circular ellipse | e=0 |
| Extremely elongated ellipse (parabolic) | e=1 |
| Law of Equal Areas | Speed at which objects travel at different points in their orbits; force of gravity is greater when you are closer |
| Law of Periods | Relationship between average distance of a planet from the sun and orbital period of the planet |
| Orbital period | Time required for a body to complete a single orbit |
| Terrestrial planets | Inner planets; very dense: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars |
| Gas planets | Outer planets; less dense; dense core hold gases together; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
| Inertia | Tendency of object to resist being moved or if it is moving, resist a change in speed or direction: objects in motion remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force |
| Gravity | Attractive force between any two objects |
| Kuiper’s belt | Region of solar system beyond Neptune; contains mostly ice |
| Dwarf planets | Pluto, Eris, Ceres |
| Exoplanets | Circle stars other than sun; Can’t be fully observed; too far away; Detected because of their gravity |
| Satellite | a natural or artificial body orbiting a planet |
| Moon | A body that revolves around a planet & has less mass than the planet; formed 3 billion years ago by slow lava flows |
| Things on lunar surface | Mare; Anorthosites; Maria; Crater; Ribs; Ridges • Regolith |
| Mare | A large dark area of basalt on moon |
| Anorthosites | Light patches |
| Maria | Darker areas |
| Craters | Basins formed by asteroid strikes |
| Ribs | Left over lava channels |
| Ridges | Narrow elevations |
| Regolith | Meteoroids hit moon; formed moon dust |
| Moon’s elliptical orbit | Apogee; Perigee |
| Apogee | Farthest from moon |
| Perigee | Closest to moon; slight changes where they are |
| Lunar rotation | ¼ turn; we see same side of moon each day |
| Eclipses | Event when one object is shadowing another object |
| Umbra | Cone shaped part of shadow |
| Penumbra | Full eclipse |
| Solar eclipse | Moon eclipsing sun |
| Lunar eclipse | Passing of moon through Earth’s shadow at full moon; Earth between sun/moon |
| Phases of moon | Change in illuminated area of one celestial body seen from anther |
| Waxing | Increasing size illuminated area: new moon, waxing crescent, first crescent, first quarter, gibbus, full moon |
| Waning | Increasing size illuminated area: new moon, waxing crescent, first crescent, first quarter, gibbus, full moon |
| How long it takes moon to revolve around Earth | 27.3 days |
| Time from new moon to new moon | 29.5 days |
| Difference of 2.2 days between new moon/new moon and moon revolving around Earth | Caused by the orbiting of Earth and moon around sun |
| Rotation & Revolution of moon | Is the same; ¼ turn; never see dark side |
| Tides | Large bodies of water affected by gravitational pull of moon; caused by moon then sun |
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