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CVA Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Leonardo Da Vinci | recognized in sea shells and fossilized teeth of marine fishes proof that mountains were once under sea |
| Roger Bacon | demanded an empirical search for nature |
| Robert Hooke | developed the compound microscope |
| Carolus Linnaeus | father of taxonomy |
| charles bonnet | coined the term evolution |
| James Hutton | father of geology & founder of uniformitarian |
| William Paley | Natural theology -> Intelligent Design |
| Thomas Huxley | Darwins bulldog |
| Homologous structures | Same function. Ex: whale & cat, horse & human, bird & bat |
| Analogous | Same function, different origin. Ex: horn of cattle and rhino horn |
| Urochordata | -notochord confined to tail -filter feeders -free swimming Ex: seasquirts |
| Hemichordata - Acorn worms | - gill slits - hollow dorsal nerve |
| Chordate - Larvae | - notochord - hollow dorsal nerve |
| Chordate - Adult | - lack notochord - gill slits (filter feeders) |
| cephalochordata | -notochord - gill slits (filter feeders) - midgut ring -nervous system |
| Cenozoic | age of mammals "modern life" |
| Mesozoic | age of reptiles "middle age" |
| Paleozoic | age of fish "ancient life" |
| Utherians | true placenta |
| sarcopterigians | lobe finned fish |
| catalosaurs | stem reptiles |
| thecadonts | ruling reptiles, socketed teeth |
| Voyage of the Beagle | Darwinss journal based on his 5 year voyage in S. America |
| Lamarck | believed no organisms ever becaome extinct, just have a dramatic transformation. Ex: giraffes. |
| Lyell | believed species became extinct 1 by 1 |
| Darwins theory of natural selection | only giraffes with long neck survived the competition |
| fitness | ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| gradualism | evolutionary changes that take place through the change of population |
| natural selection | evolutionary changes that come about through the abundant production of genetic variation in every generation |
| microevolution | changes in gene frequency within species *most accepted by all creationist & evolutionist |
| macroevolution | the evolutionary process that leads to higher taxa |
| directional selection | shift in body size |
| disruptive selection | when individuals become facored and create differnt groups |
| sympatric speciation | when 2 organisms live in the same area |
| agnathans | vertebrates, jawless,bony plates, filter feeders,single nostril Ex: hagfish & lamprey |
| gnathostomes:placoderms | jawed fish, bony plates, internal fertilization Ex: sharks, rays, modern fish. |
| chondrichthyes | sharks |
| therians | true placental mammals, |
| protheria | lay eggs, young born immature, short gestation period, young born fully formed |
| precocial | when babies can do stuff right at birth |
| altrushal | when babies are incapable of doing things for themselves at birth |
| primates | grasping hand, binocular vision, most developed brain |
| rodentia | gnawing teeth (16), most successful of mammals, more species of rodents than any other mammals, ever growing incissors. Ex: mice, rats, porcupines |
| microlecithal | small eggs with little yolk |
| mesolecithal | moderate amount of yolk Ex: freshwater lamprey, lungfish, amphibians |
| isolecithal | evenly distributed yolk globules |
| telolcithal | meso and macro egg type. cytoplasm and yolk accumulate at different ends |
| vegetal pole | more yolk |
| animal pole | little yolk. can divide easier |
| oviparity | animals that lay eggs and have a protective shell |
| viviporous | living young |
| ovoviviparity | mother rovides protection and oxygen - nourishment from the egg |
| euviviparity | nourishment constantly provided by mother. every class of vertebrates except agnathans and birds |
| blastocoel | cell with massive yolk (birds, reptiles) |
| gastrulation | a process of cell movement that vies rise to the germ layers. mass the same but cells differentiated in to 3 cell layers |
| aphixous | yolkless |
| endoderm | in the gut surrounding the yolk |
| hensons note | primitive streak of thickened ridge of cells |
| mammal gastrulation | blastocyst -> trophoblast |
| integument | skin |
| integument function | protection, excretion, secretion, locomotion |
| epidermis | multilayered; derived from ectoderm |
| dermis | derived from mesoderm - muscle & connective tissue |
| keratin | in reptiles, birds, and mammals. |
| glands in fish and aquatic amphibians | mucous gland, granular gland, photophores |
| epidermal glands of terrestial vertebrates | holocrine(constitutes secretion), merocrine (secretes products via cell), apocrine |
| true horns | bovine(sheep, goat, cow and pronghorn |
| antlers | dermal structures, not cornified. in deer |
| hair horns | rhinoceros, giraffe |
| mineralized tissues | bone, dentin, cartilage, enamel |
| compact bone | lamellae; concentric rings of bone. found in shafts of long bones |
| lacuna | the chamber osteocytes are found |
| haversian canal | arterioles, venules, lymphatic vessel, nerve fiber |
| marrow | connective tissue, with blood vessels, nerve fibers, adipose |
| hemopoietic tissue | red marrow; forms RBC |
| dentin | forms in outer layer of dermis. found in ganoid scales, elasmobranches |
| acellular bone | osteoblasts that retreat |
| replacement bone | deposited where hualine cartilage already exists as precursor |
| endotherms | birds and mammals bones stop growing when epiphysis & shaft fuse |
| osteoblasts | cells which lay down bone in matrix |
| osteoclasts | cells which tear bone down |
| hyaline cartilage | least differentiated cartilage and is a precurser to bone. restricted to articular surfaces |
| cartilage | the dominant skeletal material in embryos |
| homeostasis | hormonal balancy |
| calcitonin | promotes deposition |
| parathyroid | promotes withdrawal |
| calcified cartilage | deposition of calcium salts, make it bone like. Ex: sharks |
| Elastic cartilage | elastic fiber, flexible. Ex: ear |
| fibrocartilage | transition between dense connecive tissue and cartilage. Ex:invertebral disc |
| chondroid tissue | soft gelatinour sartilage like tissue. branches off of cells. |
| tendons | connect muscles to bone |
| ligaments | connect bone to bone |
| sesamoid bones | mineralized products in tendons or ligaments |
| joint | site where 2 bone connect |
| diarthrosis | movable joints |
| synarthrosis | joint by sutures, not moveable. Ex: the skull |
| notochord | ancient structure, present in all vert embryos, soft gelatinous cells |
| connective tissues | areolor tissue, elastic tissues, adipose(fatty) tissues |
| vertebral column | flexible arch to which head attached, protective tunnel for spinal cord, replaces notochord as main longitudinal support |
| sections of the vertebrae... | neural arch, centrum, apophyses, hemal arch |
| neural arch | on top of the centrum in the vertebrae |
| contrum | occupies the position of the notochord in the vertebrea |
| apophyses | process off of arch or centrum |
| hemal arch | aka chevron bones (refers to "V" shape of vertebrae), caudal artery and vein, seen in tail of fish and reptiles |
| zygopophyses | paired processes at cephalic and caudal end of trunk vertebrae |
| prezygapohyses and postzygapophysis | the two connect in to eachother which allows for movement |
| myoteome | muscles of the dorsal mesoderm |
| sclerotome | bone of the dorsal mesoderm |
| dermatome | skin of the dorsal mesoderm |
| acelous vertebraes | flat terminal processes. Ex:mammals |
| amphicelous vertebraes | centra concave both ends, notochord tissue present. ex: necturus, sphenodons |
| procelous vertebraes | concave socket at anterior end; modern reptiles |
| opisthocelous vertebraes | concave socket at posterior end; modern reptiles |
| osteicthyes - teleost | lungfish, neural arches, notochord present and unconstricted, |
| sarcoptergian - lung fish & labrynthodonts | pleurocentrum,hypocentrum |
| sacral vertebrae | amphibians = 1, modern reptiles and birds = 2, modern mammals = 3 - 5 |
| cervical vertebrae | allowed for movement of skull |
| thoracic vertebrae | long ribs from protecive cage |
| sacral vertebrae | support to hold body above ground. fussion between sacral and pelvic girdle makes for good support |
| caudal vertebrae | tail support |
| major organs of the urinary system | paired kidneys |
| nephron | functional unit of the kidney which does all the work |
| functions of kidney | homeostasis, elimination of metabolic waste |
| homeostasis | regulation of water and electrolutes. |
| elimination of metabolic waste | result of protein metabolism. can be toxic at first, put it in a form to not be toxic |
| loop of henle | conserves metabolic water |
| amonia in humans is... | very toxic, easy to produce, highly soluble in water |
| uric acid - | take lots of energy to produce, but little water to eliminate |
| external glomeruli | confined to larvae and embryos |
| internal glomeruli | found in adult vertebrates |
| glomerulus | where water is pushed out |
| renal corpuscle consists of | glomerulus, bowmans capsule |
| bowmans capsule | thin walled sax surrounding the glomerulus |
| parts of the kidney | cortex, medulla, pelvis, |
| renal = | kidney |
| hepatic = | liver |
| modifications of nephron | higher output of urine, small renal capsule = low output of urine |
| protheria | egg layers. bladder develops from the cloaca and allantois. bladder has a new duct called the urethra |
| lampreys | seperate sexes male and female |
| hagfish = hermaphroditic | gonad is half male and half female |
| ovary in fish | paired or fused |
| ovaries in amphibia | paired and sacular ovaries |
| ovaries in reptilia | paired and saccular except in turtles and crocs which have solid tissue ovaries |
| ovaries in birds | solid tissue ovaries. the right ovary degenerates in most birds except birds of prey |
| ovaries in mammals | solid tissue ovaries. medulla of connective tissue and a cortex of germinal epithelium where the eggs develop, corupus luteum always present |
Created by:
asampson
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