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CM Earth Science 3-1
Unit 3 Mr. Wilbur/Barbis: Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Earthquake | A movement or trembling of the ground that is caused by a sudden release of energy when rocks along a fault move; vibrations of Earth’s crust by a sudden release of energy; |
| Most earthquakes occur along what geologic structures? | Faults & Subduction Zones |
| Seismic waves | Travel in all directions from focus point |
| Elastic rebound | A sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed state |
| Elastic rebound causes earthquakes | After return to undeformed state, rocks on each side move slowly, if the fault is locked, stress increases and the earthquake occurs |
| Causes of Earthquakes | Faulting; volcanoes; landslides; human causes; impact from space objects |
| Focus | Location within the Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs |
| Epicenter | The point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s starting point, or focus |
| Body wave | In geology, a seismic wave that travels through the body of a medium; Generated at focus; travel through Earth’s interior |
| Surface wave | In geology, a seismic wave that travels along the surface of a medium and that has a stronger effect near the surface of the medium than it has in the interior |
| 2 main types of seismic waves | P-waves; S-waves |
| P-wave | Primary wave or compression wave; 1st to arrive; back-and-forth motion parallel to direction wave is traveling; fastest; travel through solids, liquids, and gasses; bend and change speed at boundaries |
| S-wave | Secondary wave or shear wave or transverse wave; 2nd to arrive; side-to-side motion perpendicular to direction wave is traveling; second-fastest waves; travel only through solids |
| L-Waves | Surface waves or Love waves; travel along Earth’s surface; do most damage; can produce tsunamis if epicenter is on sea floor; slowest moving ; side to side motion |
| Rayleigh | Rolling motion |
| 3 ways that P-waves differ from S-waves | P-waves are faster than S-waves;P-waves move parallel to direction of wave vs. S-waves move perpendicular to wave;P-waves move through solids, liquids, and gasses vs. S-waves move through solids |
| Why seismic waves are important in understanding Earth’s interior | By measuring the P-waves & S-waves scientists can determine what type of material the Earth is made up of based on what the waves can pass through; speed & direction changes as waves move through different mediums |
| Shadow zone | Areas waves cannot move through |
| Seismology | Study of earthquakes and seismic waves |
| Seismometer | Detects current earthquake activity |
| Relationship between a seismograph and a seismogram | A seismograph is an instrument that records vibrations in the ground and a seismogram traces the motion of an earthquake that is recorded by a seismograph |
| Minimum number of seismic stations needed to triangulate position of earthquake epicenter | 3 |
| Magnitude | Measure of energy released by earthquake; Richter Scale; each increase in magnitude represents a 31x increase in energy; results in an increase in shaking by a factor of 10 |
| Intensity | Amount of damage caused by an earthquake to people and property; Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale |
| 5 dangers resulting from earthquakes that could cause injury or death | Collapsing buildings;Falling objects;Flying glass;Landslides, fires, explosions;Broken electric and gas lines, flooding |
| 3 steps that should be taken before an earthquake occurs | Keep an emergency supply of food, bottled water, flashlights, batteries, portable radio;Plan what you will do when at home, school or work;Discuss plans with family, learn how to turn off gas, water, and electricity in home |
| How seismic gaps help seismologists predict where and earthquake could occur | Area along a fault where relatively few earthquakes have occurred recently but where strong earthquakes are known to have occurred in the past |
| Fault | A break in a body of rock |
Created by:
vbarbis
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