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Quiz 1, Ch 9, 22
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Right lung | 3 lobes |
| Bronchial tree | Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| Primary bronchi | Enters lungs at the hilus |
| Bronchioles | Contain smooth muscle and no cartilage; regulate flow of air to the alveoli |
| Bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants | Cause bronchodilation, improving air flow |
| Alveoli | Grape-like structures |
| Alveoli function | Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| Atelectasis | Collapsed and airless lung |
| Hypoxemia | Decreased oxygenation of the blood |
| Lungs | Located in the pleural cavities; extend from just above the clavicle to the diaphragm |
| Apex | Upper, rounded part of the lung |
| Base | Lower portion of the lung |
| Pleura | Continuous serous membrane that lines the outside of each lung and chest wall |
| Upper respiratory tract | organs located outside the chest cavity; nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx and upper trachea |
| Lower respiratory tract | Organs located in the chest cavity; lower trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleural membranes and muscles that form the chest |
| Rhinorrhea | Runny nose |
| Rhinodynia | Pain in the nose |
| Paranasal sinuses | Maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal |
| Pharynx | Throat |
| 3 parts of pharynx | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| Pharynx contain 2 structures | Openings from eustachian tubes and the tonsils |
| Eustachian tube | Connects nasopharynx with the middle ear |
| Larynx | Voice box; located between the pharynx and trachea |
| 3 functions of larynx | Passageway for air, your voice, prevents objects from entering trachea |
| Larynx | Triangular structure made of cartilage, muscles and ligaments |
| Thyroid cartilage | Adam's apple |
| Epiglottis | At top of larynx; covers opening of trachea during eating so food does not enter lungs |
| Glottis | Space between the vocal cords |
| False vocal cords | Do not produce sound; help to close airway during swallowing |
| True vocal cords | Produce sound |
| Aspiration | Entrance of food or water into the lungs |
| Trachea | Windpipe; 4-5 inches in length, 1 inch in diameter |
| Trachea | Splits into right and left bronchi |
| Carina | Causes vigorous coughing |
| Tracheoesophageal fistula | Opening between the trachea and the esophagus |
| Tracheostomy | Surgical incision of the trachea to allow air flow |
| Residual volume | Remaining air in the lungs after a forced exhalation (1100ml) |
| Total lung capacity | The sum of the four pulmonary volumes |
| Pulmonary capacity | A combination of pulmonary volumes |
| Vital capacity | Combination of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume; common pulmonary function test |
| Vital capacity | The maximal amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation |
| FEV | Forced expiratory volume |
| Anotomical dead space | Holds about 150ml of air; air that does not reach the alveoli |
| Adult respiratory rate | 12-20 breaths/minute |
| Child respiratory rate | 20-40 breaths/minute |
| Main control center for breathing | Medullary respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata |
| Vagus nerve | Carriers nerve impulses from the lungs to the brain stem |
| Hering-Breur reflex | Prevents overinflation of the lungs |
| Chemoreceptors | Stimulate areas of the brain stem concerned with respiration |
| Kussmaul breathing | Increase in rate and depth of respiration stimulated by acidosis |
| Hypoxia | Abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the tissues |
| Hypoxemia | Abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood |
| Hypercapnia | Abnormally high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Hypocapnia | Abnormally low concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Visceral pleura | Membrane on the outer surface of each lung |
| Parietal pleura | Membrane lining the chest wall |
| Intrapleural space | Space between the visceral and parietal pleura |
| Pleural effusion | Excess secretion of pleural fluid |
| Empyema | Purulent pleural effusion |
| Elastic recoil | The elastic tissue of the lung returns to its unstretched position if tension is released |
| Surface tension | Electrical attraction of water molecules |
| Surfactants | Lipoproteins secreted by alveolar cells; decrease surface tension; stimulated by sighs |
| Compliance | Measure of elastic recoil |
| Respiration | Ventilaation, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood |
| Ventilation | Movement of air into and out of the lungs |
| 2 phases of ventilation | Inhalation and exhalation |
| Respiratory cycle | One inhalation and one exhalation |
| Chief muscle of inspiration | Diaphragm |
| 2 sites of gas exchange | lungs and cells |
| Four pulmonary volumes | Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve and residual volume |
| Spirometer | Measures pulmonary volumes |
| Tidal volume | The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each breath |
| Average tidal volume | 500ml |
| Inspiratory reserve volume | Inhaling as much air as possible; extra volume approximately 3000ml |
| Expiratory reserve volume | Exhaling as much air as possible; extra volume approximately 1100ml |
| Turbinates or conchae | 3 scroll-like bones which cause the air to move over a larger surface area |
| Adenoids | Pharyngeal tonsils in the nasopharynx |
| Palantine tonsils | In the oropharynx |
| Cilia | Small, hairlike processes on the outer surfaces of small cells; trap dust and other foreign particles |
| Lungs | Large, paired, spongy cone-shaped organs |
| Chest roentgenogram | Visualization of the lungs, ribs, clavicles, humeri, scapulae, vertebrae, heart and major thoracic vessels |
| Computed tomography scan | Takes pictures of small layers of pulmonary tissue |
| Pulmonary function test | Assess presence and severity of disease in the large and small airways |
| Mediastinoscopy | Visual examination of mediastinum |
| Laryngoscopy | Visual examination of the larynx; requires local or general anesthesia |
| Bronchoscopy | Visualization of the larynx, the trachea and the bronchi |
| Herlical CT scan | Continuously obtains images; study can be performed in one breath-hold |
| Pulmonary angiography | Uses radiographic contrast in pulmonary arteries to allow visualization |
| Ventilation-perfusion scan | V/Q scan used for pulmonary embolisms; patient inhales radioactive gas that outlines the alveoli |
| Cytalogic studies | Performed on any body secretion to detect abnormalities or malignant cells |
| Lung biopsy | Patient is anesthetized; to obtain tissue, cells or secretion for evaluation |
| Thoracentesis | Aspiration of fluid from thoracic cavity |
| Pulse oximetry | Non-invasive method of providing continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation to assess gas exchange |
| Coni/o | Dust |
| Atel/o | Imperfect; incomplete |
Created by:
caysmommy03
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