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BIO 105 test 1
bio 105 summer chap 1 and 2 atlas a
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| def of anatomy | the study of structure, from greek to cut up or cut open |
| def physiology | the scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures |
| how many body organ systems are there | 11 |
| important ppl in A&P: aristotle | 384-322 BC: one of the first to write about anatomy, argued complex structures are built from smaller structures |
| important ppl in A&P: herophilus | most experiences anatomist, dissected hundreds of cadavers and gave public demos (322- 280 BC) |
| important ppl in A&P: claudius galen: | greek physician to Roman gladiators,dissected animals (129-199) |
| important ppl in A&P: Leonardo da vinci | foundation of modern science illastrations (1452-1519) |
| def of cytology | the study of cells |
| def of histology | the study of tissues |
| def of gross anatomy | large body parts that are visible to the naked eye |
| what is the continuem of the process of levels of organization | atom, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism (atom to adam) |
| what is the simplest level of organization within the body; what is it composed of | the chemical level, atoms and molecules |
| what is the smallest unit of matter | atoms |
| atoms combine to make what? | molecules |
| what are molecules; example | two or more atoms combined; sugar, water, vitamen |
| what is a macromolecule; examples | larger more complex molecules; DNA and proteins, Lipids |
| what are organelles; ex | a functional unit that permits all living cells to share some common functions; mitochondria, golgi complex, nucleus |
| what is a cell | formed by large molecules, the smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things, the smallest living portion in the human body |
| what is the fundamental living thing/ smallest living portion in the human body | cell |
| what is tissue | groups of similar cells with a common function form tissue, they are a precise organization of similar cells that perform specialized functions |
| what are the four types of tissues in the body | connective, musclular, epithelial, nervous |
| tissues: what is connective tissue | protects supports and interconnects body parts and organs, is solids (bone), liquids (blood), intermediate (cartilage) |
| tissues: what is muscular tissue | it produces movement |
| tissues: the three kinds of muscular tissue | smooth (intestines), skeletal, cardiac (heart) |
| tissues: what is epithelial tissue | covers exposed surface and lines body cavities (lining of digestive system, skin) |
| tissues: what is nervous tissue | conducts impulses for internal communication (ex: brain spinal cord, nerves: |
| what are organs | they are different tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions (heart, liver, S. intestines) |
| what is an organ system | consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function (there are 11) |
| organ system: list all 11 | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male reprodutive system, female reproductive system |
| organ systems: function of integumentary | provide protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesis vit. D, prevents water loss |
| organ systems: function of skeletal | provides support and protection, site of hematopoeisis, stores calcium and phosphorus, allows for body movement |
| organ systems: function of muscular | produces body movement, generates heat |
| organ systems: function of nervous | controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, helps control all other systems of the body, also responsible for consciousness intelligence and memory |
| organ systems: function of endocrine system | consists of glands and cells clusters that secrete hormones, some which regulate body and cell growth, chemical levels in the body, reproductive functions |
| organ systems: function of cardiovascular | consists of a pump (heart) that moves blood through blood vessels in order to disribute hormones, nutrients, gases, and pick up waste |
| organ systems: function of lymphatic | transports and filters lymph, initiates an immune response when nessesary |
| organ systems: function of respiratory | responsible for gas exchange between blood and the air in the lungs |
| organ systems: function of digestive | mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients and expels waste |
| organ systems: function of urinary | filters the blood and removes waste products from blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine and expels urine from the body |
| organ systems: function of male reproductive system | produces male sex cells and hormones, transfers sperm to the female |
| organ systems: function of female reproductive system | produces female sex cells and hormones, receives sperm from male, site of fertilization, site of growth and development of fetus |
| organ systems: major organs of integumentary | skin, hair, nails |
| organ systems: major organs of skeletal | bones, cartilage, joints |
| organ systems: major organs of muscular | muscles, tendons, |
| organ systems: major organs of nervous | brain, spinal cord, eyes |
| organ systems: major organs of cardiovascular | heart, blood vessels, capillaries |
| organ systems: major organs of respiratory | nasal cavity, lungs, trachea, bronchi, pharynx, larynx |
| organ systems: major organs of lymphatic | all lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils |
| organ systems: major organs of urinary | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| organ systems: major organs of digestive | oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, L.& S. intestines, |
| organ systems: major organs of endocrine system | hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, parathyroid, pancreus, adrenal glands, kidneys, testes, ovaries |
| organ systems: major organs of male reproductive | ductus deferens, prostate gland, urethra, testes, scrotum, seminal vesicles, epididymis, penis |
| organ systems: major organs of female reproductive | mammery glands, ovaries, uterus, vagina |
| whatis the organism | the single living human |
| def of homeostasis | the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment with in the body; the ability to maintain internal stability |
| how is homeostasis maintained | by negative feedback |
| homeostasis imbalance is the basis for what | disease |
| what system of the body is not concerned with maintaining homeostasis | the reproductive system |
| what are the basic characteristics of life | organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth and development, reproduction, regulation/ homeostasis |
| what is the basic unit of life that can perform all functions necessary for life | the cell |
| what is negative feedback mechanism | deviations from the set point are resisted or made smaller, when something is out of norm body controls it, body senses change andactivates mechanisms that reverse change |
| components of negative feedback: what is a receptor | it monitors body values , a structure that senses the change in the body |
| components of negative feedback: what is the control center | it compares values and the set point, processes info |
| components of negative feedback: what is the effector | that is the changes in values, it carries out the response that restores homeostasis |
| what is positive feedback; ex | it increases the deviation from the normal value, going further away from the set point; oxytocin and uterine contractions, milk flow, excessively low bloodsugar, most times it is harmful |
| imaging info: what is radiography | aka xray, primary clinical method, beam of xray pass through soft tissue and are absorbed by dense tissues (bone, teeth, tumors), films lighter where xray absorbed |
| imaging info: what is sonography | ultrasound, high frequancy sound waves that reflect off internal organs, no harmful xrays, |
| imaging info: what is computed tomography | computed axial tomography (CAT) scan; low intensity xray, continuous thin slices recontructed into 3D imgages, no overlapping of organs, sharp image |
| imaging info: what is magnetic resonance imaging | MRI; strabf magnetic field causes protons in tissue to align, imaging soft tissue, very sharp image, |
| imaging info: what is positron emission tomography | PET, analyze metabolic state of tissue at a given time, radioactive glucose injected, used to measure tissue damage and stroke, cells growing faster are red (tumor), dead cells are blue (MI) |
| def of matter | it occupies space and has mass, |
| def of mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| def of weight | the gravitational force acting on mass |
| mass is always the same but _______ changes depending on gravity | weight |
| def of elements | quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type |
| 96% of the human body consists of what 4 elements | C,O,H,N |
| what is the basic unit of matter of all chemical elements | an atom |
| atoms: the nucleus has what in it | protons and neutrons |
| atoms: what surrounds the nucleus in the outer shells | electrons |
| atoms: the number of ______ and _______ particles are always the same | protons and electrons |
| atoms: the number of ______ particle is different in each element | protons (this is what identifies each element) |
| atoms: what are neutrons | they have a neutral charge but contribute to the mass of an atom |
| atom: how do you calculate to atomic mass | sum of the masses of protons and neutrons (ex: carbon 6 p+ and 6neutrons = atomic mass of 12) |
| atom: what is the atomic number; this is the same number as what particles | the number of protons in the nucleus; the number of protons and neutrons |
| what makes the atoms of one element different from another | they differ in respect to the number of protons in the nucleus, the number of neutrons can vary among atoms with the same number of neutrons |
| atoms: when the number of neutrons vary among atoms with the same number of protons it is called what | isotopes |
| atoms: isotopes are often ______; why | radioactive ; b/c variable number of neutrons are unstable and break down |
| atoms: when does a chemical reaction occur | everytime atoms combine or break apart from other atoms |
| atoms: what is the electron shell | electrons are found in the electron cloud and tend to spend most of the time revolving around the nucleus in regions called shells |
| atoms: the outer electron shell always wants to be full or not full; why | full; so it is stable |
| atoms: carbon as the example of electron shells- carbon is the ____ element | 6th |
| atoms: carbon as the example of electron shells- what is the atomic number | 6 |
| atoms: carbon as the example of electron shells- how many protons | 6 |
| atoms: carbon as the example of electron shells- how many electrons | 6 |
| atoms: carbon as the example of electron shells- how many electrons in the 1st shell | 2 |
| atoms: carbon as the example of electron shells- how many electrons in the 2nd shell | 4 |
| atoms: carbon as the example of electron shells- is this a stable element; why | no; outer shell is not full |
| atoms: when does chemical bonding occur | when the outermost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms |
| atoms: chemical bonds- what are the two types of bonds | ionic and covalent |
| atoms: chemical bonds- what is an ionic bond (ex) | electrons are lost of gained (NaCl- sodium chloride), the attraction of a cation and anion |
| atoms: chemical bonds- ionic bond example NaCl: Na is the _ element | 11 |
| atoms: chemical bonds- ionic bond example NaCl: Cl is the _ element | 17 |
| atoms: chemical bonds- ionic bond example NaCl: Na ___ an electron and Cl ___ an eletron to make a full orbital; this makes Na positive of negative, Cl positive of negative | loses; gains; positive; negative |
| atoms: chemical bonds- what is a covalent bond; example | when electrons are shared; hexane |
| atoms: chemical bonds- what atom likes to form covalent bonds | carbon |
| atoms: chemical bonds- what type of molecules are mostly covalent | organic |
| atoms: chemical bonds- what are the 2 types of covalent bonds | polar and nonpolar |
| atoms: chemical bonds- covalent: what is a nonpolar bond; example | the electrons are equally shared, hexane |
| atoms: chemical bonds- covalent: what is a polar bond; example | electrons are not equally shared and there are partial positive and negative charges; water |
| hydrogen bonds are an example of what type of bond | polar covalent bond |
| what is a molecule; example | one or more atoms that are covalently chemically bonded; water |
| what is a compound; example | molecules composed of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded; sugar |
| what is dissociation | refers to separation of ions in water |
| dissociation: what causes the separation | the attraction of charged ions to the polarity of the water molecules (positive charge on hydrogen pulls out negative charge on oxygen) |
| classifications of chemical reactions: what is a synthesis reaction | involves the combination of reactants to produce a new molecule |
| classifications of chemical reactions: what is a reactant | what goes into a chemical reaction |
| classifications of chemical reactions: what is anabolism | all of the synthesis reactions in your body, it requires energy to occur, complex molecules synthesized from simpler ones |
| classifications of chemical reactions: what is metabolism | all chemical reactions in the body (both anabolism and catabolism) |
| classifications of chemical reactions: what is decomposition reaction | a substance breaks down into other substances |
| classifications of chemical reactions: what is catabolism | all of the decomposition reactions in your body, releases energy, complex molecules broken into simpler ones |
| you needs what compound to break down fat, sugar and proteins | water |
| def of energy | the capacity to do work |
| def of potential energy | stored energy that could do work but is not doing so (where our energy comes from) |
| what is kinetic energy | the energy of movement/ when chemicals are being moved |
| what is activation energy | energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| what can affect the rates of chemical reactions | concentration (how much do you have of reactants), temperature, catalysts; also depends on the nature of the reactants and on the frequancy and force of collisions |
| what can affect the rates of chemical reactions ; tempurature effects rates of chemical reactions how | the rate of reaction doubles for every increase of 10 degrees, heat causes molecules to move more thus collide more |
| what can affect the rates of chemical reactions: catalysts effect the rate of reaction how | these are enzymes the speed up reactions by lowering activation energy, they temporarely bind to reactants it reduces the element of chance and speeds up process |
| what are our biological catalysts | enzymes |
| what can affect the rates of chemical reactions: what lowers activation energy | enzymes |
| acids: they dissociate into charged particles called _________ type of ion | hydrogen (when put in water it will release this) |
| base: they dissociate into charged particles called _________ type of ion | hydroxyl (when put in water it will release this) |
| salts: they dissociate into what | cations and anions |
| def of ion | charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons |
| what is an anion | negatively charge, because it gains electrons |
| what is a cation | positively charged, because it loses electrons (because it has more protons now) |
| what is a solution | consists of particles of matter called solute |
| why is water neutral on pH scale | because it dissociated into both hydrogen and hydroxyl |
| pH: what number is neutral | 7.0 |
| pH: what numbers are acidic | <7 |
| pH; what numbers are basic | >7 |
| pH: each number on the scale is ______ fold difference; called a ______type of scale; ex | 10; logrhythmic; pH 3 is 10x more acidic than pH 4, pH 4 is 100x more acidic than pH 6 |
| pH: what is a buffer ; common buffers in the body | a substance that helps to balance out the pH of a solution, to maintain a balanced pH; phosphates and bicarbs |
| what can affect the rates of chemical reactions: how does concentration effect the rate of a reaction | reaction rates increase when the reactants are more concetrated b/c molecules are more crowded and collide more |
| why is water so important | it stabilizes body temp, it protects, it is a solvent, chemical ractions take place in water, it transports solutes |
| what is a solvent | a liguid or gas that some other material called a solute has been dissolved |
| inorganic compounds: def ; what is one compound that is inorganic that should be organic | usually lack carbon and are small molecules ; except carbon dioxide even though carbon is in it |
| what is organic chem | the study of compounds of carbon |
| organic compounds: what are the four primary categories of them | carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid |
| organic compounds: the 4 primary catagories are also the 4 classes of what | macromolecules |
| organic compounds: carbs- examples | sugars, starches, glycogen |
| organic compounds: carbs-def; they provide what | hydrophilic organic molecule; most energy needed for life |
| organic compounds: carbs- what are the 3 classes | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| organic compounds: carbs- monosaccharides: def; ex | the simplest carb; glucose and frutose |
| organic compounds: carbs- what is the blood sugar that provides energy to msot of our cells | glucose |
| organic compounds: carbs- what are disaccharides; ex | sugars composed of two monosaccharides ; sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| organic compounds: carbs- what is table sugar called | sucrose |
| organic compounds: carbs- what is lactose called | milk sugar |
| organic compounds: carbs- what is a polysaccharised; ex | long chains of glucose; glycogen, starch and cellulose |
| organic compounds: carbs- what is glycogen | polysacch., energy storage made by our cells. the liver produces this after meals then it is broken down between meals |
| what is condensation reaction | two compounds are joined together and water in a byproduct (think dehydrate)(anabolism) |
| what is hydrolysis reaction | two compounds are broken apart by adding water (catabolism) |
| organic compounds: wwhy are the condensation and hydrolysis reaction important | when either a lipid, protein or carb is joined together a condensation reaction occurs and when they are broken apart and hydrolysis reaction occurs |
| carb metabolism: what are the reactions of cellular respiration | glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system |
| organic compounds: lipids: what is it | commonly called fats/oils, hydrophobic organic molecule, |
| organic compounds: lipids- what are the properties | insoluble in water, it is water phobic, it is nonpolar (why it cannot dissolve in water) |
| organic compounds: what is the most common lipid | triglycerides, liquid |
| organic compounds: lipids- what type of fats are normally saturated; what is the chain like | animal; no double bonds |
| organic compounds: lipds: what are phospholipds | similar to neutral fats, they have a polar charge end and nonpolar end, its a clothepin, they have a water loving and a water phobic side |
| organic compounds: steriods- what is it ; example | a lipids; cholesterol and sex hormones |
| organic compounds: proteins- itis the most versatile ______ in the body | molecule |
| organic compounds: proteins- what is it | constructed from a polymer of amino acids |
| organic compounds: proteins- how many amino acids are there to make protein | 20 kinds |
| organic compounds: proteins- what are essential amino acids | ones we cannot make |
| organic compounds: proteins- what are non essential amino acids | ones we can make |
| organic compounds: proteins- what are the functions of protein | structure, regulate pr0cesses, protection, helps muscles contract, transport substances |
| organic compounds: enzymes- they work through a lock and _______ model | key |
| organic compounds: enzymes- an enzyme and a substrate form what | a substrate complex |
| organic compounds: enzymes- can an enzyme bind to more than one reactant at a time | yes |
| organic compounds: enzymes- can enzymes be used more than one time | yes |
| organic compounds: proteins- why is the shape important | important to its function |
| organic compounds: protein: what is the primary structure | sequence of amino acids joined to peptide bonds, order encoded in the genes |
| organic compounds: proteins- what is secondary structure- | coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds, pleaded sheets |
| organic compounds: protein- what is the tertiary structure | formed by further bending and foldingof proteins |
| organic compounds: proteins- what is quaernary structure | two or more polypeptide chains |
| organic compounds: proteins- what is a denatured protein | a broken protein, it permenetly destroys the function of the protein |
| organic compounds: proteins- cause of denaturation | high temps and low pH (ex: fever, high stomach pH) |
| organic compounds: what is nucleic acids | polymers of nucleotides (ex: DNA and RNA) |
| organic compounds: nucleic acids- what is DNA | forms genetic code inside each cell, regulates most the activities that take place in our cells, has double stranded structure, it is in the nucleus |
| organic compounds: nucleic acids- what is RNA | relays isntructions from the genes inside the cells nucleus, guides each cell's assembly of amino acids, it is single stranded |
| organic compounds: what are chromosomes | composed of DNA and proteins and long chain wrapped around protein. |
| organic compounds: what is ATP | energy currency, energy molecule of the cell, has three phosphates, |
| organic compounds: when ATP breaks down it becomes what | ADP, that is the energy out |
| organic compounds: ATP example of anabolism or catabolism | anabolism |
| organic compounds: ADP example of anabolism or catabolism | catabolism |
| what is the anatomical position | specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. the head level and eyes forward to observer. arms at sides of body with palms facing forward |
| when giving body directions you should always think from what position | the anatomical position |
| directionla terms: anterior | in front of toward the front surface |
| directionla terms: postior | in back of toward the back surface |
| directionla terms: dorsal | at the back side of teh human body |
| directionla terms: ventral | at the belly side of the human body |
| directionla terms: superior | towards the head or above |
| directionla terms: inferior | toward feet not head |
| directionla terms: caudal | at the rear or tail end |
| directionla terms: cranial | at the head end |
| directionla terms: medial | toward the midline of the body |
| directionla terms: lateral | away from the midline of the body |
| directionla terms: deep | on the inside, underneath another structure |
| directionla terms: superficial | on the outside |
| directionla terms: ipsilateral | on the same side of the body |
| directionla terms: contralateral | on the opposite side of the body |
| directionla terms: proximal | closest to point of attachment to trunk |
| directionla terms: distal | furthest from point of attachment to trunk |
| directionla terms: what does the axial region include | the head, neck, trunk vertical axis of the body |
| directionla terms: appendicular region | where our limbs and appendages attach to the body's axis |
| body cavities: cranila | formed by the cranium and houses the brain |
| body cavities: vertebral canal | formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord |
| body cavities: ventral cavity | houses the thoracic cavity and the abdomincal pelvic cavity |
| body cavities: the dorsal cavity | houses the cranial and verebral cavity |
| def serous membrane | those which line cavities that do nto open to the outside body (only ventral cavities) |
| serous membrane: what is the parietal layer | it lines the internal surface of the body wall |
| serous membrane: what is the visceral layer | it lines the external surface of the organs within the cavity |
| serous fluid reduces ___________ and helps organs move smoothly against one another and body wall | friction |
| def mediastinum; what does the mediastinum contain | the median space in the thoracic cavity; heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea and major blood vessels that connect to the heart |
| def pericardium | with in he mediastinum the heart is enclosed by a two layered serous membrane called the pericardium |
| the thoracic cavity is superior to the what | diaphragm |
| what lines the thoracic cavity and lungs | serous membrane called pleura |
| what is the peural cavity | the moist potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura |
| what separate the abdomincal and the pelvic cavity | an imaginary line called the hip bone |
| def of a place | an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections |
| what is the difference between the parasaggital and midsaggital plane | mid= midline, and para= lateral to midline L or R |
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