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CM Earth Science 2
Unit 2 Mr. Wilbur/Barbis: Chapter 5 & 6--RB 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that has mass and volume |
| Elements | Pure substances;Cannot be broken down chemically;92 found naturally; 10 are common |
| Atom | Smallest unit of an element; neutral |
| Molecule | Smallest unit of a compound |
| Ion | Charged atom |
| Isotope | Atoms of same element with different atomic masses |
| Compounds | Substances made of 2 or more elements chemically combined;Definite composition; Properties are different from those of the elements is made from |
| Mixtures | Materials are physically combined;Can be separated by physical means;Components of mixture keep some of their own properties; No definite composition |
| Geosphere | Earth |
| Lithosphere | Outer solid part of earth; also called crust: composed of bedrock |
| Bedrock | Part of lithosphere |
| Rock | Mass of minerals bound together; intergrown crystals; cemented grains |
| Mineral | a naturally occuring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure |
| Mineral families | Classified based on composition |
| Rock forming minerals | Minerals in rocks of Earth’s crust; either silicates or carbonates |
| Silicate family | Most abundant rock-forming family; composed of silicon-oxygen tetrahedral arranged in different patterns |
| Carbonate family | Basic structure: 3 oxygen atoms and 1 carbon atom |
| Calcite | Most abundant carbonate;3 directions of cleavage; not at right angles;Reacts to HCl (hydrochloric acid) |
| Mineral properties | color, streak, luster,hardness,fracture, cleavage, and density |
| Mineral color | color of specimen |
| Mineral streak | color of powdered mineral |
| Mineral luster | way a mineral shines |
| Mineral hardness | resistance of mineral to being scratched |
| Mineral fracture | mineral breaks unevenly |
| Mineral cleavage | mineral breaks along on or more smooth, flat planes; produces 2 flat, parallel sides |
| Mineral density | ratio of mineral's mass to volume |
| Mineral acid reaction | HCl placed on mineral causes mineral to bubble forming carbon dioxide gas; may produce odor |
| Mineral specific gravity | ratio of mineral's density to water's density (how many times denser mineral is to water) |
| Rock cycle | series of changes possible between rock types;“recycling of rocks" |
| Rock Families | 1. Igneous 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic |
| Igneous | from solidified molten rocks; |
| Sedimentary | sediments compacted and cemented |
| Metamorphic | heat and great pressure change rocks without melting |
| Physical characteristics of rocks | chemical composition of individual minerals; chemical composition of a rock as a whole |
| Chemical stability of minerals | dependent on strength of chemical bonds; will determine how a rock breaks |
| What happens when magma cools and solidifies? | minerals crystallize in specific order; order depends on melting points of minerals |
| Crystal | A nice clean pattern; as something solidifies it |
| 2 places Igneous rocks form | on surface: lava; below surface: magma |
| Melting caused by | High temperature, friction, internal heat from core, radioactive decay; Pressure: increases with depth; tectonic pressure from shifting plates |
| Texture | When it solidifies; determined by size of crystals and cooling rate |
| Intrusive; plutonic | Inside the earth, cool slowly, coarse grained, large crystals |
| Extrusive | Volcanic; cools quickly at surface; fine grains; small crystals |
| Textures of Igneous Rocks | Coarse grained: large crystal,1 mm or larger; Fine grained: small crystals,less than 1 mm; Glassy: no crystals; Porphrytic texture(porphyry): 2 crystal sizes present in same rock; Vesicular; rapid cooling traps gases, causes rocks with holes (vesicles) |
| Igneous rocks classified based on | composition and texture/size of crystals |
| Felsic | High in silica & aluminum content; generally light colored and low density |
| Mafic | Low silica, high iron & magnesium content |
| Intermediate | Silica content between felsic & mafic |
| Sediment | Loose fragments of rock, minerals, and organic material that result from natural processes, including the physical breakdown of rocks |
| Classification of sedimentary rocks | Based on texture and composition; Clastics: grain size and shape;Chemical (crystalline) & bioclastic composition |
| Porosity | Percentage of holes in a rock or sediment |
| Permeability | Holes connected so water can flow through them |
| Steps to go from rocks to sediments to rocks | Weathering; Erosion; Deposition; Sorting; Lithification |
| Weathering | Breakdown of rocks due to physical or chemical change |
| Erosion | Transportation of weathered material (sediments) by water, wind, or ice away from their place of origin |
| Deposition | Settling or release of sediments by an agent of erosion |
| Sorting | Separating particles by size or other characteristics |
| Lithification | processes by which loose sediment is cemented & compressed together (clastics/bioclastics) or minerals are precipitated (chemical) |
| 3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks | Chemical; organic; clastic |
| Chemical sedimentary rock | Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals precipitate from a solution or settle from a suspension; evaporates |
| Organic sedimentary rock | sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants or animals; biogenic/bioclastic; contains bones, teeth, wood, shells |
| Clastic sedimentary rock | Sedimentary rock that forms when fragments of pre-existing rocks are compacted or cemented together; most common; breccias—irregular/angular; conglomerate (fragmental) |
| Metamorphic Rock | Rocks formed by process in which heat, pressure , or chemical processes change one type of rock into another |
| 2 types of metamorphism | Contact metamorphism; Regional metamorphism |
| Contact metamorphism | a change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to contact with magma |
| Regional metamorphism | A change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to changes in temperature and pressure over a large area, generally as a result of tectonic forces |
| 2 metamorphic rock textures | Foliated rocks; nonfoliated rocks` |
| Foliated rocks | Metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands |
| Nonfoliated rocks | Metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands |
| Effects of Metamorphism | Changes in: rock texture; crystals align, grow, change shape; composition; increased density & hardness; decreased porosity & permeability; |
Created by:
vbarbis
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