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CM Earth Science 1-2
Unit 1 Mr. Wilbur/Barbis: Chapter 2--RB 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List 3 ways that the Earth is unique | Only known plant in solar system: with liquid water on surface; Atmosphere contains large portion of oxygen; to support life |
| What are some of the other “basics” mentioned in the chapter? | 3rd planet from sun;Formed 4.5 bil years ago; Made mostly of rock; Approx. 70% covered by water(global ocean);Blue sphere covered with white clouds; Pole-to-pole circumference 40,007 km; Equatorial circumference 40,074 km; Relatively smooth |
| Why is the Earth referred to as an oblate spheroid? | Slightly flattened sphere;Spinning of Earth makes polar regions flatten and equatorial zone bulge |
| How do scientists study the Earth’s interior? | Through studies of seismic waves (vibrations that travel through the Earth) |
| List and describe the compositional layers (zones) of the Earth. | Crust; Mantle; Core |
| Crust | thin, solid, outermost zone; makes up 1% Earth’s mass. Oceanic crust beneath oceans— 5 to 10 km thick |
| Mantle | lower boundary of crust (aka moho); denser than crust; nearly 2,900 km; makes up two-thirds Earth’s mass |
| Core | a sphere whose radius is about 3,500 km; composed of iron and nickel mainly |
| List and describe the structural layers (5 zones) of the Earth. | Lithosphere; Asthenosphere; Mesophere; Outer Core; Inner Core |
| Lithosphere | solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid part of the mantle; cool and brittle |
| Asthenosphere | solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, allows techtonic plates to move on top of it |
| Mesophere | “middle sphere”; strong, lower part of the mantle between Asthenosphere and outer core |
| Outer Core | dense liquid |
| Inner Core | dense solid, high pressure |
| How is the Earth like a magnet? | N & S magnetic poles; Lines of force extend between N and S pole; Extends beyond atmosphere; affects magnetosphere; Outer core: iron; Hypothesis: motions w/i core produce electric currents creating magnetic field; similar to Sun & moon’s magnetic fields |
| Describe gravity and its effects | Gravity; Weight; Mass |
| Gravity | Newton 1st explained it; Force of attraction between any 2 objects depending on masses of objects & distance between objects; larger the masses of 2 objects & closer they are, greater force of gravity between them |
| Weight | measure of the strength of the pull of gravity on an object (measured in Newtons N); changes with distance from Earth’s center (decreases as distance from center increases) |
| Mass | mass is amount of material making up an object, does not change with location |
| Describe a system | set of particles or interacting components considered to be a distinct physical entity for the purpose of study; Systems have boundaries; many have matter and energy that flow through them |
| How does the Earth fit into description of system? | Earth is a system because: it is a result of interaction between Matter (anything with mass and taking up space) and Energy (ability to do work); Atom vs. Universe: Both are systems |
| Closed system | system in which energy, but not matter, is exchanged with surroundings; Materials have to be reused (nitrogen; water: no new water is formed) |
| Open System | system where things can move in an out |
| 4 Spheres Earth is divided into | Atmosphere; Hydrosphere; Geosphere; Biosphere |
| Atmosphere | blanket of gasses surrounding Earth; provides oxygen and protects Earth from harmful uv radiation; 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% misc. gasses (ex. argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor, helium) |
| Hydrosphere | water covers 71% of Earth; 97% in salt water; 3% fresh water (lakes, rivers, streams, glaciers, ice caps, underground) |
| Geosphere | solid part of Earth; rock, soil; solid and molten rock in interior of Earth |
| Biosphere | all life forms in geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere |
| First Law of Thermodynamics (law of energy conservation) | energy is transferred between systems, but cannot be created or destroyed. Energy Budget: additions in energy balanced over balanced by subtractions |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics (law of entropy) | when energy transfer takes place, matter becomes less organized with time. Universe’s energy is spread out more and more uniformly over time |
| What does the energy for the Earth come from? | Internal Sources of Energy; External Sources of Energy |
| Internal Sources of Energy | interior of Earth is warmer than surface; convection currents carry hot materials toward surface (radioactive decay) |
| External Sources of Energy | Solar radiation warms atmosphere and surface causing air masses to move generating wind and ocean currents (sun) |
| Cycle | is a group of processes in which matter and energy repeatedly move through a series of reservoirs. A reservoir is a place where matter or energy is stored |
| Nitrogen Cycle | recycling of nitrogen in Earth; 78% of atmosphere; movement from air to soil; removed from air by nitrogen fixing bacteria and chemically changed and returned to the soil |
| Carbon Cycle | movement through all 4 spheres; short-term cycle: and long-term cycles |
| Short-term Carbon Cycle | plants convert carbon dioxide from atmosphere into carbohydrates such as glucose. Organisms eat plants and obtain carbon. Organisms break down carbohydrates and release some carbon back into air as carbon dioxide |
| Long-term Carbon Cycle | movement through four spheres over very long time; carbon stored in geosphere in buried plants or animal remains and in carbonate rocks (formed from shells and bones of dead organisms) |
| Phosphorus cycle | moves thru all spheres except atmosphere; not usually a gas; enters soil & water when rock breaks down/dissolves in water; some organisms excrete phosphorus; enters soil & water/plants absorb it thru roots; animals eat plants & die; it returns to Earth |
| Water Cycle | movement of water from atmosphere to Earth’s surface and back to atmosphere. Continuous cycle where water changes from liquid to gas and vice versa. Precipitation, ground water, water vapor, etc. |
| How do we, as humans, affect these systems? | Humans alter all natural cycles through living and their activities. Carbon cycle affected by use of fossil fuels. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles affected by agriculture. |
Created by:
vbarbis
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