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Bio 1 Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the diaphragm on a scope do? | adjusts the light |
| Types of microscopes? | Compound light, phase contrast, and electron |
| What are the qualities of a phase contrast scope? | It allows you to see living things and relies on different refractive indices |
| What are the qualities of an electron scope? | You can see up to the atomic level, but it requires death. |
| What is autoradiography? | It harnesses radioactive decay to follow biochemical processes in a cell. You manufacture a compound with radioactive atoms, incubate cells and fix, cover with photographic film and develop it in the dark. |
| What are the qualities of prokaryotes? | bacteria, have cell wall, no nucleus, ribosomes are 30s and 50s, no membrane-bound organelles, unicellular |
| What are the qualities of eukaryotes? | protists, fungi, plants, animals; cell wall in plants and fungi only, have a nucleus, ribosomes are 40S and 60S, have membrane-bound organelles, are unicellular or multicellular. |
| What size are the ribosomes in prokaryotes? | 30S and 50S |
| What size are the ribosomes in eukaryotes? | 40S and 60S |
| What is the nucleolus? | Where ribosomal RNA (aka rRNA) is synthesized. |
| What do ribosomes do? | Responsible for protein production, have free and bound ribosomes. |
| Where is the endoplasmic reticulum? | Just outside the nucleus |
| What are the types of ER? | smooth and rough (studded with ribosomes) |
| What does the smooth ER do? | Works toward lipid synthesis and detox of drugs and poisons. |
| What does the rough ER do? | Involved in protein production |
| What is the Golgi Apparatus and what does it do? | A series of membrane-bound sacs, receives stuff from the smooth ER and sends it to the cell surface in secretory vesicles. |
| What are lysosomes? | Garbage dumps which use hydrolytic enzymes at a lowered pH of 5 to break things down. They can cause cell death through autolysis. |
| What is the mitochondria? | the power plants of the cell |
| Describe the parts of mitochondria. | The inner membrane has stuff for the electron transport chain; the cristae are the folds of the inner membrane; the matrix inside has more enzymes for cellular respiration. |
| What are some qualities of the mitochondria? | Inherited through the mom, replicates independently via binary fission, can release some enzymes of the electron transport chain in apoptosis. |
| What are microbodies? | They catalyze specific reactions by sequestering the enzymes and substrates. |
| What are centrioles? | a specialized type of microtubule important for spindle formation |
| Michaelis Menten Equation | E + S -->k1 <---k2 ES ---k3> E + P V = Vmax[S]/Km + S |
| What is Km? | half the [S] to reach 1/2 Vmax; A low Km means there is a high affinity for the substrate (a low [S] needed), while high Km means it has low affinity |
| Optimum reaction conditions in the body: | 37 degrees Celsius and pH 7.4 (7.3 is considered acidodic) |
| What are the types of enzyme regulation? | allosteric effects and inhibition (feedback, reversible, and irreversible) |
| What are allosteric effects? | a type of enzyme regulation where there is a separate binding site on the enzyme that causes a shift in the molecule so that there is an increased affinity for other substrates.... this gives a sigmoidal curve |
| What is feedback inhibition? | inhibition by the product, often seen in endocrine pathways |
| What are the types of reversible inhibition? | competitive - where the active site is taken up but can be overcome by a high [S] Noncompetitive - allosteric, causes a conformational change Uncompetitive |
| What is irreversible inhibition? | It permanently alters the enzyme. Aspirin is an example. |
| What are peroxisomes? | Microbodies which create hydrogen peroxide to break down fats into usable molecules and to catalyze detoxification reactions in the liver |
| What are glyoxysomes? | Microbodies that are important in germinating plants, they convert fats into usable sugar for fuel until the plant can make its own energy via photosynthesis |
Created by:
schoe
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