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*Microbiology Exam 4
study guide to spring 11 test 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for lactose fermentation? did you use reagents? | Lactose broth, Red, lactose to lactic acid, yellow and gas bubble, no |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for Methyl Red? did you use reagents? | MRVP broth, straw, glucose fermentation to mixed acid production, bright red, methyl red |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for voges-proskauer? did you use reagents? | MRVP broth, straw, glucose fermentation to butanediol production, pink, alpha-naphthol and KOH |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for Nitrate reduction? did you use reagents? | nitrate broth, straw, nitrate to nitrogen, red and/or bubble, nitrate solution A & B |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for catalase test? did you use reagents? | N/A, N/A, hygrogen peroxide to oxygen and water, bubbling, H2O2 onto bacterial growth |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for starch hydrolosis? did you use reagents? | starch agar, straw, starch to glucose, halo, iodine |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for indole test? did you use reagents? | SIM agar, straw, tryptophanase to indole and pyruvic, pink layer, kovac's reagent |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for urea hydrolysis? did you use reagents? | urea broth, peach, urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide, cerise, no |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for gelatin liquification? did you use reagents? | nutrient gelatin, straw, produce proteolytic enzymes, stays liquid, no |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for salt tolerance test? did you use reagents? | NaCl broth, purple, PH change to acidity, turbidity with or without color change, no |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for hydrogen sulfide production and motility test? did you use reagents? | SIM agar, straw, hydrogen sulfide to iron sulfide, blackning of agar/cloudy throughout, no |
| What is the media, original color, biochemical pathway, and results of a positive test for citrate utilization test? did you use reagents? | simmons citrate agar, turqouis, sodium citrate to pyruvate and carbon dioxide, prussian blue, no |
| What does IMViC stand for? | Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer Test, and Citrate |
| How do you read an IMViC test? | Read and recorded as the name order sequence |
| A molecule of DNA associated with protein. | Chromosome |
| Chromosomes in a ___ is typically circular and localized in a region of cytosol called nucleoid | prokaryotes |
| chromosomes in a __ are threadlike and are most visible during mitosis and meiosis | eukaryotes |
| When DNA reproduces | replication |
| chromosomes are subdivided into basic information packets called __ | genes |
| Genes are catogorized three different ways, what are they? | structural, regulatory, and encoding for RNA |
| form of ribonucleic acid that carries amino acids to the ribosome | Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| copy of specific regions of DNA, complimentary sequences form hairpin loops, amino acid attachment site, anticodons, participates in translation (protein synthesis) | tRNA |
| triplet code that specifies a given amino acid, multiple codes for one amino acid, 20 amino acid | Codons |
| portion of tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on mRNA | anticodon |
| transfer of plasmid DNA from a F+ cell to F- cell through pilus by attaching to recepient cell | Conjugation |
| monomer of a nucleic acid | nucleotide |
| nonmembraneous organelle found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that is composed of protein and ribosomal RNA and functions to make polypeptides | Ribosome |
| method of horizontal gene transfer in which DNA is transferred from one cell to another via a replicating virus | Transduction |
| copy of a structural gene or genes of DNA; can encode for multiple proteins on one message; | mRNA |
| process in which the genetic code from DNA is copied as RNA nucleotide sequences | Transcription |
| nonspecific acceptance of free DNA by the cell; DNA can be inserted into the chromosome; ex the experimental mice | transformation |
| ribosome bind mRNA near the start codon; tRNA anticodon with attached amino acid binds to the start codon--so on and so forth until termination | translation |
| it is always off until a substrate binds to the protein | lactose operon |
| always on until products are too much then it binds to a site on the protein and turns it off | repressible operon |
| changes made to DNA | mutations |
| random change to DNA | spontaneous |
| chemical, radiation | induced |
| change a single base | point |
| change a normal codon into a stop codon | nonsense |
| mutation is reversed | back mutation |
| reading frame of the mRNA changes | frameshift |
| DNA composition | phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base |
| RNA composition | phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base |
| essential organic nutrients; not synthesized by the organism and must be supplemented | growth factor |
| sources of essential nutrients- required for metabolism and growth of microbacteria | carbon source, growth factors, and energy sources |
| depends on other life forms, need organic molecules | heterotrophs |
| self feeders, can use inorganic molecules | autotrophs |
| derive both carbon and energy from organic compounds; | chemoheterotrophs |
| derive their energy from sunlight; primary producers of organic matter for heterotrophs; primary producers of oxygen | photoautotrophs |
| derives their carbon source from CO2 and their energy source from inorganic and organic compounds | chemoautotrophs |
| 0 to 15 degrees Celcius | Psychrophile |
| 20 to 40 Celcius degrees | mesophile |
| 45 to 80 Celcius degrees | Thermophile |
| requires oxygen for metabolism; posses enzymes that can neutralize the toxic oxygen metabolites | obligate aerobe |
| does not require oxygen for metabolism, but can grow in its presence | facultative anaerobe |
| cannot use oxygen for matabolism | obligate anaerobe |
| cells grow best between pH _-_ | 6-8 |
| requires high salt concentration | halophiles |
| withstand high pressure | barophiles |
| spores and cysts ___ survive dry habitats | can |
| benefits both organism | mutualistic |
| benefits one organism while harming the other | parasitic |
| benefits one organism | commensalism |
| the division of bacterial cells | binary fission |
| the time required for a complete division cycle | generation time |
| cells are adjusting, enlarging, and synthesizing critical proteins and metabolites, not doubling at their maximum rate | Lag Phase |
| Maximum exponential growth rate of cell division, adequete nutrients, favorable environment | Log Phase |
| Survival mode-depletion in nutrients, released waste can inhibit growth; when the number of cells that stop dividing equal the number of cells that continue to divide | Stationary Phase |
| majority of the cells begin to die exponentially due to lack of nutrients | Death phase |
| cloudy | turbidity |
| colony counts | indirect count |
| enumaration of bacteria through a counting devide | automated device |
| counting bacteria on a slide | direct cell count |
| Oxygen forms toxic metabolic end products. How does an organism protect itself from these metabolites? | Obligate anaerobes posses enzymes that can neutralize the toxic 02 metabolites |
| What is the significance of endospores, spores, and cysts as they relate to survivability? | They are inert forms of organisms able to survive and able to grow once the environment is good |
| Chemical reactivity to sustain life | metabolism |
| enzymes are involved in the breakdown of complex organic molecules in order to extract energy and form simpler end products | catabolism |
| enzymes are involved in the use of energy from catabolism in order to synthesize macromolecules and cell structures from precursors | anabolism |
| breakdown, exergonic | catabolic |
| build up, endergonic | anabolic |
| allows reaction to occur within an organism; temporary energy repository | ATP |
| catalyst for chemical reactions; and lowers energy of activation | Enzymes |
| it is known as "___" when substrates specifically bind to the active sites on the enzyme | lock and key |
| bind to and activate the enzyme | cofactors |
| are inactive while inside the cell but upon release become alive | exoenzyme |
| remain in the cell and are active | endoenzyme |
| examples of direct control of metabolic pathways | competitive and noncompetitive inhibition |
| examples of genetic control of metabolic pathways | lac operon and repressive operon |
| electron carriers transfer electron and hydrogens | redox reaction |
| parts of ATP | nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, chain of phosphate |
| aerobic respiration, oxidation of glucose to pyruvate-net yeild of 2 ATPs | Glycolysis |
| Each pyruvic acid is processed to enter the __. carbondioxide is generated, coenzymes NAD and FAD are reduced, net yeild is 2 ATP | Tricarboxylic acid |
| NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron carriers, membrane bound carriers transfer electrons, water is generated, approximately 34 ATP is generated. occurs in mitocondria of eukaryotes, and occurs in cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes | Electron transport |
| Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration except __ or __ is the final electron acceptor | nitrate/nitrite |
| happens in cytoplasm, starts as glycolosis only, NADH from glycolosis is used to reduce the organic products which are the final electron acceptors, ATP yeilds are smaller | Fermentation |
| ferment in the abscense of oxygen | facultative anaerobes |
| no respiration type of fermenter | strict fermenters |
| Major types of chemicals produced from fermentation | alcohol, acid, mixed acid |
| fermentation yields __ ATP during the glycolosis step | 2 |
| reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens | pasteurization |
| steam under pressure | autoclaving |
| removal of all microbial life | sterilization |
| removal of pathogens from nonliving materials | disinfection |
| refers to microbial contamination | sepsis |
| absence of significant contamination | asepsis |
| Killing C. botulinum endospore | commercial sterilization |
| removal of pathogens from living tissue | antisepsis |
| removal of microbes from a limited area | degerming |
| lower microbial counts on eating utensils | sanitization |
| kills microbes | biocide/germicide |
| inhibiting, not killing, microbes | bateriostasis |
| T/F Bacterial population die at a constant logarithmic rate | True |
| effective of antimicrobial treatment depends on | number of microbes, environment, time of exposure, and microbial characteristics |
| actions of microbial control agents | alternation of membrane permeability, damage to proteins, and damage to nucleic acids |
| lowest temp at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 mins | thermal death point |
| time to kill all cells in a culture | thermal death time |
| minutes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature | decimal reduction time |
| dry heat sterilization kills by | oxidation |
| __ removes microbe | filtration |
| __ temp inhibits microbial growth | low |
| high pressure ___ proteins | denatures |
| ___ prevents metabolism | dessacation |
| principles of effective disinfection are | concentration of disinfectant, organic matter, pH, time |
| types of disinfectants that oxidizes agents | halogens, iodine, chlorine |
| heavy metals denatures proteins: ex___ | Ag, Hg, Cu |
Created by:
caramelkandie26
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