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Anatomy Semester II
Spring Semester EXAM: Review Activity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Joint united by fibrous connective tissue, with no joint cavity and allowing little to no movement. | Syndesmosis |
| Radioulnar joint is an example of this type of joint. | Syndesmosis |
| The articulations between teeth and the alveolar processes are an example of this type of joint. | Gomphoses |
| Type of joint that exhibits the greatest amount of movement. | Synovial |
| Synovial joints are always enclosed within a(n) ___. | Joint capsule |
| Excretes the synovial fluid within a synovial joint. | Synovial membrane |
| Pocket, or sac, filled with synovial fluid that extends for a distance away from the rest of the joint cavity | Bursa |
| The articulations between vertebrae are examples of what type of joint? | Gliding |
| Match the description to the class of joint: Bodies of adjacent vertebra | Symphysis |
| Match the description to the class of joint: Frontal and parietal bones | Sutures |
| Match the description to the class of joint: Sphenoid and occipital | Synchondrosis |
| Match the description to the class of joint: Sternocostal | Synchondrosis |
| Match the description to the class of joint: Styloid process and hyoid bone | Syndesmosis |
| Match the description to the class of joint: Stylomandibular | Syndesmosis |
| Match the description to the class of joint: Tibia and fibula | Syndesmosis |
| Match the description to the class of joint: Xiphisternal | Symphysis |
| An inflammation of the gums | Gingivitis |
| During pregnancy, certain ___ can act on the connective tissue of the joints and cause them to stretch and loosen | Hormonse |
| Abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond it's normal range of motion | Hyperextension |
| Group of metabolic disorders involving acid accumulating within the joints | Gout |
| Group of conditions that cause most chronic orofacial pain and may be so severe as to cause the jaw to lock | TMJ disorders |
| May result in a "clicking" sound during extension of the leg | Torn meniscus |
| May result from bleeding into the joint cavity caused by hemophilia | Hemophilic arthritis |
| Results when the ligaments of the ankle are torn partially or completely | Sprained ankle |
| May occur when muscles and ligaments supporting the arch fatigue and allow the arch to collapse | Flat feet |
| Inflammation of the plantar fascia | Plantar faciitis |
| Most common type of arthritis, affecting 10% of the people in the US | Osteoarthritis |
| A labrum of fibrocartilage deepens the join cavity of this joint | Shoulder |
| Structure which helps to stabilize the shoulder joint | Rotator cuff muscles |
| Bursitis is commonly the result of | Overuse |
| Moving your arm laterally way from your body | Abduction |
| Temporomandibular joint is predominately a(n) | Ellipsoid joint |
| Which joint has the largest number of ligaments and bursae? | Knee |
| Abduction/adduction | Angular movements |
| Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction | Circumduction |
| Movement of the foot toward the shin | Dorsiflexion |
| Movement returning the thumb and little finger to the neutral, anatomic position | Reposition |
| Moves a structure superiorly | Elevation |
| Moves the leg in a posterior direction | Extension |
| Moves the leg in an anterior direction | Flexion |
| Moving a structure in a gliding motion in an anterior direction | Protraction |
| Simplest of all the types of movement | Gliding movements |
| Turning the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally | Eversion |
| Type of muscle with many peripherally located nuclei per muscle cell | Skeletal muscle |
| Connective tissue sheath that surrounds a muscle fasciculus | Perimysium |
| Made up of many sarcomeres | Myofibril |
| During depolarization phase of an action potential, the permeability of the plasma membrane to sodium | Increases |
| During repolarization of the plasma membrane, potassium moves to the ___ of the cell | Outside |
| Acetylcholinesterase is an important molecule in the neuromuscular junction because it | Breaks down ACh |
| Muscle fibers develop from less mature multinucleated cells called | Myoblasts |
| The number of skeletal muscle fibers ___ after birth | Remains constant |
| Enlargement of cells | Hypertrophy |
| Alternating light and dark bands | Striated |
| Plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle fiber | Sarcolemma |
| Connective tissue that covers the body by forming a sheet of tissue under the skin | Fascia |
| Specialized nerve cells stimulating muscle fibers | Motor neurons |
| Threadlike structure that extends from one end of the muscle fiber to the other | Myofibril |
| Myofibrils are composed of two kinds of protein filaments called | Myofilaments |
| Form when heads of myosin bind to active sites on the actin molecules | Cross-bridges |
| Stimuli of increasing strength are capable of producing a(n) ___ | Graded response |
| Occurs during the lag phase of muscle contraction | Calcium binds to troponin |
| Includes all events that result in actin myofilaments sliding over myosin to shorten the sarcomeres of muscle fibers | Sliding filament model |
| Electric signals sent by the nervous system to control contractions of skeletal muscle | Action potential |
| Voltage difference or electrical charge difference across a membrane | Polarization |
| Molecule which binds to a receptor | Ligand |
| Number of action potentials produced per unit of time | Action potential frequency |
| Consists of the axon terminals and the are of the muscle fiber sarcolemma they innervate | Neuromuscular junction |
| Organic molecule composed of acetic acid and choline which functions as a neurotransmitter | Acetylcholine |
| Mechanism by which an action potential causes contraction of a muscle fiber | Excitation-contraction coupling |
| Contraction of muscles with an inability to relax, which is followed by fatigue | Spastic paralysis |
| Movement of myosin molecule while cross-bridge is attached | Power stroke |
| Contraction of muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers | Muscle twitch |
| Results in the force of contraction increasing as more and more motor units are stimulated | Multiple motor unit summation |
| Muscle fibers which partially relax between the contractions | Incomplete tentanus |
| Contraction in which the length of the muscle doesn't change but the amount of tension increases during contraction | Isometric |
| Amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | Isotonic |
| Compared to skeletal muscle, ___ smooth muscle maintains about the same tension, even when stretched | Visceral (organ) |
| Myosin myofilaments are attached to filaments that form the ___ | M line |
| Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue, resulting in stiffness, pain or soreness | Fibrositis |
| Muscular atrophy that results from a lack of muscle use | Disuse atrophy |
| One of the largest known proteins, consisting of a single change of nearly 27,000 amino acids | Titin |
| Painful, spastic contractions of muscles that usually results from an irritation with a muscle that causes a reflex contraction | Cramps |
| Results from the production of antibodies that bind to ACh receptors | Myasthenia gravis |
| Results when nerves that supply skeletal muscles are severed | Denervation atrophy |
| Synthetic hormones used to increase the size and strength of muscles | Anabolic steroids |
| Muscles that work in opposition to another | Antagonist |
| Muscle that stabilizes the origin of a prime mover | Fixator |
| Pivot point | Fulcrum |
| Muscles with fasciculi arranged like the barbs of a feather along a common tendon | Pennate |
| Produces motion in the body | Force |
| Less moveable attachment point of a muscle | Origin/head |
| More moveable attachment point of a muscle | Insertion |
| Muscles located outside the structure being moved | Extrinsic |
| Musculomembranous partition between the abdominal and thoracic cavities | Diaphragm |
| Act of chewing | Mastication |
| Muscles that work together to cause a movement | Synergists |
| Function as fulcrums in the human body | Joints |
| Muscle which raises the eyebrows | Occipitofrontalis |
| Which of these does NOT aid in smiling? | Mentalis |
| Muscles that can retract, elevate, depress and protrude the tongue | Extrinsic tongue muscles |
| Extend the vertebral column | Erector spinae |
| Tendonous intersections are found in the ... | Rectus abdominis |
| Muscle that rotates and protracts the scapula and elevates the ribs | Serratus anterior |
| Moves the scapula and extends the neck | Trapezius |
| Which muscle has the same action on the arm as the latissimus dorsi? | Teres major |
| Extrinsic hand muscles are found in the... | Forearm |
| Attach muscles to bones and other connective tissue | Tendons |
| The brachialis, coracobrachialis, and brachioradialis are all muscles found in the | Arm |
| Most common lever type in the body | Class III |
| Winking or blinking the eye is controlled by the... | Orbicularis oculi |
| One function of the infrahyoid muscle is to... | Fix the hyoid bone |
| Muscle used during forced expiration | Internal intercostals |
| Functions only to compress the abdomen | Transversus abdominis |
| Rigid shaft capable of turning about a pivot point | Lever |
| Prominent lateral muscle of the neck | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Pull is located between the fulcrum and the weight | Class III |
| Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity | Soft palate muscles |
| Antagonist of the triceps brachii | Biceps brachii |
| Causes plantar flexion of the foot | Soleus |
| Can result from poor posture, being overweight, or poor fitness level | Lower back pain |
| Condition in which both eyes deviate in a medial or lateral direction | Strabismus |
| Refers to one of the three posterior thigh muscles | Hamstring |
| Rough, raspy noise that can occur when a sleeping person inhales through the mouth and nose | Snoring |
| Tetanic contraction of the muscles around the opening of the larynx | Laryngospasm |
| Tongue movement which is partially controlled by genetics and partially controlled by other factors | Rolling |
| Muscle which allows the crossing of one leg over the other | Sartorius |
| Inner most tunic of the digestive system | Mucosa |
| Thick, connective tissue tunic containing nerves, blood vessels and small glands within the digestive tract | Submucosa |
| Parasympathetic ganglionic plexus consisting of axons and many scattered cell bodies | Submucosal plexus |
| Submucosal and myenteric plexuses together | Enteric plexus |
| Consists of the enteric plexus, made up of enteric neurons within the wall of the digestive tract | Enteric nervous system |
| Detect changes in chemical composition of the digestive tract contents | Enteric sensory neurons |
| Stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion in the digestive system | Enteric motor neurons |
| Control activities within specific, short regions of the digestive tract | Local reflexes |
| Cells that secrete hormones which are carried through the circulation to target organs and tissues of the digestive system | Endocrine cells |
| Released locally within the digestive tract and influence the activity of nearby cells (such as histamines) | Paracrine cells |
| The center of the tooth, which is filled with blood vessels, nerve sand connective tissue | Pulp |
| Parietal cells in the lining of the stomach secrete | HCl and intrinsic factor |
| Liver, gallbladder and pancreas are all connected to ducts which enter the... | Duodenum |
| Besides capillaries, villi also contain lymphatic vessels called | Lacteals |
| The acini of the pancreas produce | Digestive enzymes |
| Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon are called | Teniae coli |
| Greatest amount of stomach secretion takes place during the | Gastric phase |
| Chyme moving from stomach into the small intestine | Pyloric pump |
| Consists of the naso-, oro- and laryngo - portions | Pyloric pump |
| Embedded third molars | Impacted wisdom teeth |
| Food is chewed by the mouth | Mastication |
| Food is swallowed | Deglutition |
| Impairment caused by the frenulum extending too far toward the tip of the tongue | Tongue-tied |
| Inflammation and degradation of the periodontal ligaments, gingiva and alveolar bone | Periodontal disease |
| Large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper when the mouth is closed | Tongue |
| Largest salivary gland | Parotid |
| Muscular structures formed mostly by orbicularis oris | Labia (lips) |
| Normal adults have ___ teeth | thirty-two |
| Part of the digestive tract that extends from the pharynx to the stomach | Esophagus |
| Tongue-removal | Glossectomy |
| Tooth decay | Dental caries |
| Opening from the esophagus into the stomach | Cardiac sphincter |
| Produces the low pH of the stomach and helps kill bacteria brought into the body via ingestion | Hydrochloric acid |
| Space between the cheeks and the teeth | Vestibule |
| Mesentery that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall | Greater omentum |
| Successive contraction of constrictor muscles occurs and the epiglottis covers the opening in the larnyx. | Pharyngeal phase of swallowing |
| Most nutrient absorption takes place in the | Duodenum and jejunum |
| Painful or burning sensation in the chest usually associated with reflux of acidic chyme into the esophagus | Pyrosis |
| May result from irritation anywhere along the GI tract | Vomiting |
| First segment of the small intestine | Duodenum |
| Last segment of the small intestine | Ileum |
| Largest organ in the body | Liver |
| Mix intestinal contents | Segmental contractions |
| Propel intestinal contents along the tract | Peristaltic waves |
| Can remove sugar from the blood and store it in the form of glycogen | Hepatocytes |
| ___ of nutrients is an important function of the liver | Interconversion |
| Consists of the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal | Large intestine |
| Complex organ which acts like a gland which empties into the small intestine - enables the body to digest complex macromolecules | Pancreas |
| Transports food and oxygen to the cells and collects waste products to be eliminated from the body | Circulatory system |
| If deprived of ___ for just a few minutes, a cell will begin to die | Oxygen |
| The heart is about the size of a(n)... | Adult's fist |
| Controls and regulates the rate of heart beat | Pacemaker |
| There are a total of ___ chambers in the heart | Four |
| The right ventricle contracts and pushes oxygen-poor blood into the ___ leading to the lungs | Pulmonary artery |
| The left ventricle works ___ harder than the right side | Six times |
| The "Lub-dub" sound of the heart is a result of the ___ of the heart opening and closing. | Valves |
| The upper chambers of the heart | Atria |
| The lower chambers of the heart | Ventricles |
| Larger blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart | Arteries |
| ___ return blood to the heart | Veins |
| Help blood to clot | Platelets |
| Average red blood cells lives around ___ months | three to four |
| The average adult body contains about ___ liters of blood | Five |
| Cells can only digest food and release energy in the presence of oxygen, through a process called | Cellular respiration |
| Insects take in oxygen through small holes in their bodies called | Spiracles |
| Covers the trachea during swallowing | Epiglottis |
| Men have lower voices than females because they have ___ vocal chords | Longer |
| Where gas exchange within the lungs occurs | Alveoli |
| Mucus within the nose is replaced every... | 20 minutes |
| Oxygen poor blood appears ___ | Blue |
| Oxygen rich blood appears ___ | Red |
| The control center for breathing is found in the... | Brain stem |
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