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A&P 2
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of Urinary System | excretion, elimination, and homeostatic regulation |
| 3 parts of excretion | Urea, creatinine, and uric acid |
| urea | from breakdown of amino acids |
| creatinine | from breakdown of creatine phosphate (energy) |
| uric acid | from breakdown of nucleic acid nitrogenous bases |
| elimination | discharge of wastes into the environment |
| homeostatic regulation (6 parts) | regulation of blood glucose, blood pH, ions in blood, blood pressure, blood volume, and production of hormones |
| ions in blood | calcium, phosphorous, sodium |
| how blood pH is regulated | kidneys excrete H+ ions (acidic), conserve bicarbonate ions |
| how blood volume is regulated | kidneys can eliminate or conserve water |
| how blood pressure is regulated | kidneys use hormones called Renin (increase BP) |
| types of hormones produced for homeostatic regulation | calcitriol (active Vit D) and Erythropoietin (production of RBCs) |
| regions of kindeys | cortex, medulla, and pelvis |
| cortex is made up of... | renal corpuscles |
| renal corpuscles | glomerulus and glomerular capsule (part of nephron) |
| cortex function | filtration of blood |
| medulla is made up of... | renal tubules |
| medulla function | reabsorption (filtrate and water back to blood) and secretion (water and filtrate dumped into kidney tubule from blood) |
| pelvis is made up of... | minor and major calyx |
| pelvis function | excretion |
| flow of urinary system | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| glomerular filtration rate | volume of filtrate formed by all glomeruli in one minute |
| glomerular filtration rate is proportional to... | net filtration pressure |
| How we get net filtration pressure... | Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure |
| Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure | force driving smaller molecules through filtration membrane |
| 2 forces opposing Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure | colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure |
| colloid osmotic pressure | created by larger molecules still in blood, forces fluid/water back into blood (osmotic gradient) |
| capsular hydrostatic pressure | pressure created by newly formed filtrate |
| increase colloid osmotic pressure= | decreasee net filtration pressure=decreased glomerular filtration rate |
| average glomerular filtration rate for males and females | males=125 ml, females=105 ml |
| tubular reabsorption | as soon as filtrate enters proximal convoluted tubule reabsorption occurs and 99% of filtrate is absorbed. both passive and active processes occur |
| 2 types of blood vessels surrounding renal tubules | vasa recta and paratubular capillaries |
| ways molecules are transported through membrane during reabsorption | facilitated diffusion and active transport |
| facilitated diffusion | uses carrier proteins, substances move based on concentration gradient, no ATP needed (AKA uniport) |
| Active Transport | moves molecules against concentration gradient using ATP or gradient of another molecule, |
| Two types of active transport | Cotransport(symport)=two molecules in same direction and Counter transport(antiport)=two molecules in opposite directions |
| Transport Maximum (Saturation) | how much can be absorbed of a substance |
| What happens when you reach or exceed saturation/Tm? | substance spills into urine |
| Renal Threshold | plasma concentration at which a substance will start appearing in urine |
| tubular secretion | substances move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules |
| how are substances secreted? | active transport-countercurrent mechanism:substances flow in opposite direction through adjacent channels. |
| tubular secretion sets up for... | osmotic gradient which allows tubules to vary the urine concentration |
| osmotic diuretic | substance that is not completely reabsorbed and carries water out with it. urine output will increase |
| regulation of glomerular filtration | intrinsic control and extrinsic control |
| types of intrincsic control in nephrom | myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular mechanism |
| myogenic mechanism | afferent arterioles constrict or dilate in response to blood pressure |
| constrict | decrease glomerular filtration rate=higher BP -flow of blood into glomerulus drops |
| dilate | increase glomerular filtration rate=lower BP -flow of blood into glomerulus increases |
| types of extrinsic control | neural and hormonal |
| neural extrinsic control | nerve impulses sent to nephrons |
| types of neural extrinsic control | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| sympathetic | afferent arteriole constricts when nerve impulses are sent here (decreases glomerular filtration rate) |
| parasympathetic | afferent arterioles dilate when nerve impulses are sent here (increases glomerular filtration rate) |
Created by:
twestrick
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