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IB 101
final review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Binary fission | fission is the subdivision of a cell into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate cells.(surface area to volume ratio) |
| plasma | controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment |
| mitosis | the process of cell division of somatic(body) cells |
| Meiosis | tool that produces many copies of a desired sequence of DNA |
| questions that need to be answered to prevent/treat disorder | 1. Which gene is altered? 2. What protein does the gene normally make? 3. Can the altered gene/protein be fixed or replaced? |
| Goals of Human Genome Project | 1. identify all genes in human DNA 2. determine human DNA sequence 3. store info in databases 4. improve tools for data analysis 5. address issues |
| gene therapy | used to treat hereditary diseases by inserting functional gene into person's cells and tissues to replace mutant alleles |
| sexual selection | natural selection of phenotypic traits that improve reproductive success |
| stabilizing selection | extreme phenotypes are less fit than intermediate phenotypes |
| directional selection | one extreme phenotype is fittest |
| disruptive selection | two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than intermediate |
| natural selection | survival and reproduction of organisms whose traits better adapt them to environment- genotypes |
| balanced polymorphism | multiple alleles persist even though they are disadvantageous. Inherited disease persists because carriers have same advantages as organism with disease (homozygous) |
| genetic drift | occurs in absence of selection for or against any phenotype- all by chance. has large effect on small populations |
| gene flow | movement of genes from one population to another through immigration and emigration |
| bottle neck | drastic change in population size due to environmental factors, leaving remaining individuals representing a different proportion than originally because the survivors mate |
| founder effect | small group leave population and migrate to another area where they become the first of that species in that area |
| 4 conditions that cause evolutionary change | 1. natural selection 2. sexual selection 3. mutation 4. genetic drift |
| macroevolution | new species are produced from earlier species. involves things that lead up to extinction. events span over a long period of time. |
| microevolution | change in allele frequency in a population. happens over a short period of time |
| geographic isolation | if populations aren't reproductively isolated, gene flow between populations maintain their genetic similarity and have ability to interbreed, so new species don't form (GOOD!) |
| pre-zygotic | isolating mechanisms that prevent the union of gametes; occurs before or during fertilization |
| post-zygotic | mechanisms that reduce viability or fertility of hybrid offspring |
| biological species | population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| limitations to biological species concept | 1. restricted to sexually reproducing organisms 2. some species are variable while others seem identical 3. doesn't fit many plant species 4. no clear application to fossil record |
| allopatric | members of 2 newly formed populations can't interbreed because they are geographically separated |
| sympatric | genetic changes can occur because of contact between populations |
| parapatric | formation of a new species when populations share the same borders- mostly mate among themselves though |
| homologous structures | similar structures among different organisms that have a common evolutionary origin |
| analogous structures | structures that have a similar function among species but aren't from a common ancestor |
| phylogeny | evolutionary tree- shows lineage or relationships among species |
| relative dating | horizontal sequence of rocks and index fossils |
| radiometric dating | uses naturally-occurring radioactive isotopes at a constant rate to find time that has elapsed |
| 5 ways fossils can form | 1. compression 2. impression 3. cast 4. petrification 5. intact preservation |
Created by:
coughli5
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