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Basic Biochemistry
HY - Bill's Basic Cellular Biochemistry - One-Liners
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA is tightly wrapped against which structures to form chromatin? | Histones |
| Histones are made primarily of which amino acids? | Lysine and Arginine (because of their + charge) |
| Which form of chromatin is condensed and cannot be transcribed? | HeteroChromatin |
| Which form of chromatin is less condensed and can be read? | Euchromatin |
| Which bases are purine? | Adenine and Guanine |
| Which bases are pyrimidines? | Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil |
| Which amino acids are needed to make purines? | Glycine, Aspartate, and Glutamine |
| Purine bases are made from which precursor? | Inosine Monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP) |
| Pyrimidines are made from which precursor? | Orotate |
| Rate-limiting enzyme of Purine synthesis? | Glutamine-PRPP-amidotransferase |
| Rate-limiting enzyme of Pyrimidine Synthesis? | Carbamoyl-phosphate-synthatase II (CPS II) |
| Which molecule is needed for both Purine and Pyrimidine synthesis? | PRPP |
| What disorder causes high levels of orotic acid, Failure to thrive, and Megaloblastic anemia (that you can't fix with B12 or folate?) **Knowing that the megaloblastic anemia won't correct in this is huge** | Orotic aciduria |
| What disorders arise because of failure to salvage purines? | SCIDs and Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome |
| What enzyme is deficient in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)? | Adenosine Deaminase |
| What enzyme is deficient in Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome? | HGPRT |
| Substituting a purine base for another purine base is called? | Transition |
| Substituting a purine base for a pyrimidine base is called? | Transversion |
| What mutation is caused by a mutation in the 3rd position of the tRNA that doesn't change the protein A.A. sequence? | Silent |
| What mutation is caused by a change in amino acid in a protein but to one with a similar structure? | Missense |
| What mutation is results in the insertion of an early stop codon? | Nonsense |
| What is the cause of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy? | X-linked frame shift mutation resulting in no dystrophin |
| What is the cause of Becker's Muscular dystrophy? | X-linked mutated dystrophin gene but still present |
| Which prokaryotic DNA polymerase does the main work of DNA synthesis and proofreads 3' -> 5'? | DNA Polymerase III |
| Which prokaryotic DNA polymerase degrades the RNA primer and fills in the gap with DNA? | DNA Polymerase I |
| What process is deficient in Xeroderma Pigmentosum? | Nucleotide excision repair |
| What process is deficient in Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer? | Mismatch repair |
| The start codon AUG codes for which amino acid? | Methionine |
| What are the 3 stop codons? - note these code for no amino acid unlike the start codon AUG - methionine | UGA, UAA, UAG (U Go Away, U Are Away, U Are Gone) |
| Which RNA is the most abundant? | rRNA - rampant |
| Which RNA is the longest? | mRNA - massive |
| Which RNA is the smallest? | tRNA - tiny |
| Which RNA polymerase encodes rRNA? | RNA polymerase I (site of action of Rifampin) |
| Which RNA polymerase encodes mRNA? | RNA polymerase II (site of α-amantin |
| Which RNA polymerase encodes tRNA? | RNA polymerase III |
| mRNA is 1st made into heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) before it is spliced to make mRNA, which information is kept? Exon or Introns? | Exons |
| Which disease results from alternate splicing mutations? | Thalassemias |
| What enzyme is responsible for attaching the amino acid to tRNA? | Aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase |
| How many high energy bonds are needed to add 1 amino acid during translation? | 4 high-energy bonds (ATP->AMP ; 2 GTP->GDP) |
| Where is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins? | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Where is the site of steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs (organelle not organ)? | Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What are Nissl bodies are why are they important? | RER in neurons and are in dendrites but not the axon |
| Which organelle is the site for labelling specific proteins for the lysosome? | Golgi apparatus |
| What addition to a protein labels it for the lysosome? | mannose-6-phosphate |
| Which disease results from deficient addition of mannose-6-phosphate onto proteins? | I-cell disease (coarse face, clouded cornea, little joint movement, often fatal in childhood) |
| Which motor protein is used in retrograde transport along microtubules? | Dynein |
| Which motor protein is used in anterograde transport along microtubules? | Kinesin |
| Which disease results in poor phagocytosis, partial albinism, and peripheral neuropathy because of a microtubule polymerization defect? | Chediak-Higashi Syndrome |
| Kartagener syndrome is the result of immotile cilia due to a defect in? | Dynein |
| Symptoms of Kartagener syndrome? | Immotile sperm, female infertility, bronchiectasis, and situs inversus ** note this sounds a lot like cystic fibrosis, however, here sperm are made but don't move, but with CF the vas deferens don't form** |
| Which stain is used to detect connective tissue eg. Sarcomas? | Vimentin |
| Which stain is used to detect muscle eg. Rhabdomyosarcoma? | Desmin |
| Which stain is used to detect epithelial cells eg. Carcinomas? | Cytokeratin |
| Which stain is used to detect neuroglia? | GFAP |
| Which stain is used to detect neurons? | Neurofilaments |
| What type of collagen makes bone, skin, tendons, dentin, and the cornea? | Type I (STRONG) |
| What type of collagen makes cartilage, vitreous body, and the nucleous pulposus? | Type II (SLIPPERY) **carTWOlage** |
| What type of collagen makes blood vessels, uterus, fetal tissue, and granulation tissue? | Type III (BLOODY) |
| What type of collagen makes the basement membrane? | Type IV |
| Collagen is loaded with tons of which amino acids? | Proline and Lysine |
| What is required to form hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine in collagen helices? | Vitamin C |
| What collagen is mutated in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome? | mostly type III |
| What collagen is mutated in Osteogenesis imperfecta? | Type I |
| What collagen mutation results in nephritis, deafness, and ocular disturbances? | Type IV (Alport's syndrome) |
| What protein is mutated in Marfan's Syndrome? | Elastin |
| What procedure would you use to detect the mutations in Prader-willi or Angelman syndrome? | Either Microarrays or PCR or FISH |
| What procedure would you use to detect antibodies against the basement membrane in Goodpasture's syndrome? | ELISA |
| What procedure would you use to identify the dystrophin gene in Becker's MD from normal dystrophin? | Western blot |
| **Southern blot | DNA ; Northern |
| When looking for a particular gene anomaly which procedure would you use? | FISH |
| What is it called when a random X-chromosome inactivates to form a barr body? Who has them? | lyonization and Women and Klinefelters (must have 2 Xs) |
| The differences in Prader-Willi and Angleman syndrome (chromosome 15) are the result of a process called? | imprinting |
| What are the fat soluble vitamins? | A, K, E, D (All Kids Enjoy Dairy) |
| What are the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency? | Night blindness and dry skin |
| What are the symptoms of too much Vitamin A? | Teratogen, athralgias, fatigue, headaches, alopecia |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by deficiency of what vitamin? (usually cause by chronic alchohol) | B1 (Thiamine) |
| What is the difference between Dry Beri Beri and Wet Beri Beri? Both are caused by Thiamine Deficiency | Dry |
| Symptoms: Cheilosis and corneal vascularization. What is the vitamin deficiency? | B2 (riboflavin) |
| Symptoms: Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea, and Death. What is the vitamin deficiency? | B3 (Niacin) - Pellagra |
| Symptoms: Dermatitis, Enteritis, Alopecia, Adrenal Insufficiency. What is the vitamin deficiency? | B5 (pantothenate) |
| Symptoms: Convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemia. What is the vitamin deficiency? | B6 (pyridoxine) |
| Symptoms: megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented PMNs, neurologic symptoms. What is the vitamin deficiency? | B12 (cobalamin) |
| Symptoms: megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented PMNs. What is the vitamin deficiency? | Folic Acid |
| What is the role of S-adenosyl-Methionine (SAM)? | to donate methyl groups (like to make epinephrine) |
| Symptoms: Dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis. Very rare, and caused by antibiotics and too many raw eggs | Biotin deficiency |
| Symptoms: Swollen guns, bruising, anemia, poor wound healing. Vitamin deficiency? | Vitamin C (Scurvy) |
| Symptoms: hemolytic anemia, muscle weakness, neurodysfunction. Vitamin deficiency? | Vitamin E |
| Symptoms: increased PT and PTT but normal bleeding time. Vitamine deficiency? | Vitamin K |
| Vitamin K is needed to make which clotting factors? | Protein S and C, 10, 9, 7, 2 (diSCo started in 1972) |
| Symptoms: delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, loss of adult hair (facial, axillary, pubic), dysgeusia, and anosmia. Deficiency? | Zinc |
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HY90X
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