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Lab Practical 1
A & P 250 Hopkins Lab Practical 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Cycle | The series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides. |
| What are the 2 major stages of the cell cycle? | 1. Interphase (some cells stay in interphase forever. 2. Mitosis |
| Which of the two stages does the cell spend the most amount of time in? | Interphase |
| What are the three stages of interphase? | G1 stage, S stage, G2 stage |
| G1 stage | cell growth, cell doubles its organelles, accumulates materials for DNA synthesis |
| S stage | DNA synthesis(DNA replication) results in duplicated chromosomes |
| G2 stage | cell synthesizes protein for cell division |
| M stage/Mitosis | Reproducive phase for all somatic cells(somatic cells are cells that are not gametes or sex cells) |
| karyokinesis | division of the nucleus (exact copy of DNA is split into two daughter cells) |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm (cell cycle ends when cytokinesis is complete) |
| How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell? | 46 chomosomes in 23 pairs |
| chromatin | The normal form for DNA when cell is not dividing. A tangled mass of thin threads. |
| Chromosomes | condensed chromatin forming highly compacted structures. The chromatin forms chromosomes just before mitosis. (visible under microscope)2 genetically identical sister chromatids joined together by centromere. Each chromosome is a DNA molecule |
| Spindle fibers | are fibers made of microtubules sprouting from the centrioles reaching towards the chromosomes lined up at the equator (distributes chromosomes to each daughter cell) |
| centrosomes | looks like a firework. Is the whole firework. Includes centrioles (center), spindle fibers (reaching towards chromosomes) and asters (reaching towards plasma membrane) |
| centrioles | the two centers of the "firework" where the asters and spindle fibers sprout from. (centriole "hole" in the middle) |
| Asters | are fibers made from microtubules sprouting from the centrioles reaching towards the plasma membrane. |
| What are the 4 phases of Mitosis? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase (PMAT) |
| Mitosis Phase 1: PROPHASE | chromatin supercoils into chromosomes. Nuclear envelopes disintegrates. Centrioles sprout microtubules pushing them apart towards each pole of the cell (looks like 1 big firework) |
| centromere | the "ponytail" structure that holds the two sister chromatids together |
| Mitosis Phase 2: METAPHASE | chromosomes line up on the equator. Spindle fibers (microtubules) from the centrioles attech to centromere. Asters (microtubules) anchor centrioles to plasma membrane. (Looks like straight line of chromosomes across the equator of the cell. |
| Mitosis Phase 3: ANAPHASE | centromeres split in two and chromatids separate. Daughter chomosomes move towards opposite poles of the cell. Centromeres ("ponytail holder") move down spindle fibers towards centriole ("hole"). Will see two dark lines but no cleavage "belt" on cell |
| Mitosis Phase 4: TELOPHASE | chromosomes uncoil forming chromatin. New nuclear envelopes form. Mitotic spindle breaks down. Will see "belt", cells begin to cleave. (end of mitosis: cell goes into Interphase/beginning) |
| Cytokinesis/cytoplasmic cleavage | cleavage of the cytoplasm begins in ANAPHASE but is not completed until the next interphase. Each cell receives a portion of the organelles but not necessarily and equal amount. |
| Cleavage furrow | begins at the end of anaphase |
| Contractile ring | forms a constriction between the two daughter cells. "protein belt". Narrow bridge between the two cells, can see during telophase. The contractile ring completes the division |
| The purple poster in the classroom is posted on cams. Here is the key as to what stage each cell is in. (Let me know if your notes disagree) | 1 prophase, 2 Prophase, 3 Prophase, 4 Metaphase, 5 Anaphase, 6 Anaphase, 7 Telophase, 8 early interphase |
| Standard Anatomical Position | facing forward, palms facing forward (like Jesus) ("their" left and right) |
| superior | towards head |
| inferior | away from head |
| anterior (ventral) | front |
| posterior (dorsal) | back |
| medial | towards mid-line |
| lateral | away from mid-line |
| ipsilateral | same side |
| contralateral | opposite sides e.g. right and left thumbs |
| proximal | closer to |
| distal | farther from |
| superficial | closer to the surface |
| deep | towards the core of the body |
| sagittal, midsaggital, or median plane | separates right and left sides |
| transverse or cross plane | separates top and bottom e.g. line across abdomen at umbilicus |
| coronal or frontal planes | line through head separating front and back |
| oblique | other planes |
| dorsal cavity | includes cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
| ventral cavity | includes thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| thoracic cavity | heart and lungs (right and left pleural cavities, pericardial cavity and mediastinum) |
| abdominopelvic cavity | includes abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity |
| axial portion | head, neck and trunk |
| appendicular portion | upper and lower extremities |
| top three abdominopelvic regions | right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region (below/deep to cartillage and ribs) |
| middle three abdominopelvic regions | right lumbar region, umbillical region, left lumbar region |
| lower three abdominopelvic regions | right iliac region, hypogastric region, right iliac region |
| serous membranes | line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Cover the organs and secrete slippery serous fluid between its parietal layer on the outside and the visceral layer on the inside. |
| cytosol | fluid within cell |
| cytoplasm | fluid plus organelles |
| cell membrane | selectively permeable, phospholipid bi-layer, water soluble heads form surface, water insoluble tails form interior, permeable to lipid soluble substances. Cholesterol stabilizes cell membrane: increases melting temp. |
| proteins in cell membrane | receptors, pores, channels, carriers, enzymes, self markers, CAMS cell adhesion molecules |
| intercellular junctions | proteins that attach one cell to another. |
| desmosomes | strong "spot welds" between cells |
| ribosomes | mobile protein factories, make proteins, read messenger RNA, can be free floating or connected to endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | connected membrane bound sacs, canals and vesicles. Transport system. |
| Rough ER | studded with ribosomes, site of protein and lipid synthesis. |
| Smooth ER | lipid synthesis, drug breakdown |
| golgi apparatus | group of flattened membrenous sacs. Packages and modifies protein. |
| mitochondria | membrenous sacs with inner partitions, generate energy, make atp, consume O2, have their own DNA, like bacteria living within the cell. Look like rod shaped bacteria. |
| ribosome type 2 | mitochondrial ribosome, resemble bacteria |
| lysosomes | enzyme containing sacs, digest warn out cell parts and unwanted substances. white on model |
| peroxisomes | enzyme containing sacs that break down organic molecules. Yellow on model. |
| centrosomes | pair of centrioles, two rod shaped centrioles. Used to produce cilia and distribute chromosomes in cell division. |
| Cilia | create current over the cell, short hair like projections, propel substances on the surface of the cell (found in mucus membranes, oral cavity, uterine tube) |
| flagellum | long tail-like projection, provides motility to sperm, really big single strand cilium |
| vesicles | sac made of lipid bi-layer and holds anything the cell wants to put in it. Red on the model. |
| microfilaments and microtubules | thin rods and tubules, support cytoplasm, allows for movement of organelles, "cytoskeleton" gives cell its shape, can move whole cell by changing shape. |
| cell nucleus | control center of cell |
| chromatin | unwound form of DNA, stores information for synthesis of protein |
| nucleolus | dense collection of rna and proteins. Site of ribosome production. |
| nuclear envelope | porous double membrane (2 layer of lipd bi-layer with big holes) Separates nucloplasm from cytoplasm. Pores allow ribosomes in and out. |
| passive movement in and out of cell | simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration (uses pressure like BP) Most driven by concentration differences moving high to low. |
| simple diffusion | movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. |
| factors that affect the rate of diffusion | difference (gradient), distance between areas, holes for ions, viscosity of medium, molecular weight (water weighs 1/10 of what glucose weighs) |
| osmosis | movement of water from a selectively permeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration. (((Water moves toward the higher concentration of solutes.))) |
| solution | contains solute and solvent |
| tonicity | strength of the solution |
| isotonic | same osmotic pressure. Cells are normally isotonic to their surroundings. Solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell. |
| hypertonic | higher osmotic pressure |
| hypotonic | lower osmotic pressure |
| crenation | cell shrinks |
| hemolysis | cell explodes, RBC cell that is, just lysis with other cells. |
| osmotic pressure | ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water. tendancy of water to move across gradient. Osmotic pressure increases as the concentration of non-permeable solutes increases (pulls water in) |
| From Osmosis lab: why did bag #1 lose 1.6 grams ? (beaker had 10% glucose soltion, bag just had DI water) | Osmotic pressure drew water out of the bag because the concentration of non-permeable solutes is greater in the 10% glucose solution. The 10 % glucose solution was hypertonic to the bag. |
| From Osmosis Lab: Why did bag #2 gain 1 gram. (beaker had 10% glucose and bag had 20% glucose) | osmotic pressure drew water in to the bag because the concentration of non-permeable solutes is greater in the 20% glucose bag than in the 10% glucose solution. The solution is hypotonic to the bag, the the bag is hypertonic to the solution. |
| From semipermeability lab: results | 1. iodine diffused into bag as evidenced by the dark blue color in the bag. 2. Glucose diffused out of the bag as evidenced by results of test tape. 3. starch did not pass from bag into solution because the starch/iodine(dark blue) reaction stayed in bag. |
| what is they eyepiece power of your microscope? | 10X |
| which was do you move aperture ring to increase light intensity? | clockwise |
| describe the change in light intensity needed as you increase the magnification? | more light is needed as magnification increases. |
| what did you observe about the orientation of the letter e under the microscope? | it is upside down and backwards |
| what are the powers of the three objectives on the revolving nosepiece? | 4X, 10X and 40X |
| How did we learn the order of the threads? | red comes into focus first then blue then yellow as you move the stage up. |
| what is the name of the two things you look through on the microscope? | eye pieces |
| what are the names of the two knobs on the right hand side that adjust focus? | outter is course adjustment know and inner is fine adjustment knob. |
| what are the only possible total magnifications with the lab microscope? | 40X, 100X and 400X |
| what is the name of the boxy portion of the microscope behind the eyepieces? | binocular observation tube |
| what is the name of the little knob just below the binocular observation tube? | observation tube clamping knob |
| what is the name of the ring that is attached to the three objectives? | revolving nose piece |
| what is the name of the clamp that holds the slide? | specimin holder |
| what is the name of the part of the microscope that raises and lowers the specimin during focusing? | the stage |
| what is the name of the lens attached to the bottom of the stage that controls light? | condenser |
| what is the name of the light? | lamp |
| what is the name of the knob that controls light intensity? | light intensity adjustment knob. |
| what is the name of the power switch (on/off) | main switch |
| what is the name of the top specimin adjustment knob? | specimin holder y-axis feed knob |
| what is the name of the lower specimin adjustment knob? | specimin holder x-axis feed knob |
| (name the appropriate stage) Cell grows in preparation for division | interphase G1 |
| (name the appropriate stage)DNA stored in chromatin condenses into chromosomes | prophase |
| (name the appropriate stage) centrioles become commected to the centromere of the chromatids using microtubules | metaphase |
| (name the appropriate stage) DNA is replicated so that there are 2 sets | interphase S stage |
| (name the appropriate stage) nuclear envelope begins to form | telophase |
| (name the appropriate stage) centrioles migrate towards opposite ends of the cells | prophase |
| (name the appropriate stage) chromatids align in the middle of the cell next to their sister chromatid | metaphase |
| (name the appropriate stage) organelles are replicated so there are 2 sets | interphase G1 |
| (name the appropriate stage) microtubules begin to arrange themselves between centrioles | prophase |
| (name the appropriate stage) chromosomes decondense back into chromatin | telophase |
| (name the appropriate stage) nuclear envelope softens and disperses, freeing the chromasomes into the cytoplasm | prophase |
| (name the appropriate stage) sister chromatids are pulled apart by microtubule activity and are termed chromosomes | anaphase |
| In what ways are the new cells (daughter cells) which result from a cell cycle similar? | They have exactly the same DNA |
| How do the new cells differ slightly? | They may have received an unequal distribution of cytoplasm and organelles. |
| How does a cell in late interphase look? | cell has nuclear envelope and chromatin fibers look like loose mass in nucleus of cell |
| How does a cell look in prophase | center looks like a firework. no nuclear envelope, chromatin supercoiled, microtibules sprouting from centrioles/centrosomes |
| how does a cell look in metaphase? | chromosomes lined up across equator. spindle fibers sprouted from centrioles and grew towards chromosomes |
Created by:
Merrill15888
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