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HORT final
Hort Final exam info
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is soil? | a naturally weathered part of the earth’s surface, a fundamentally important part of plant growth (in most cases) but not absolutely crucial (not essential) |
| What are soil functions? (as related to plant growth) | source of mineral nutrient, source of water (H2O), anchorage |
| What are the physical soil properties of horticultural interest? | room for air and water to move in soil, room for root growth, structural base for plant anchorage |
| What are the chemical soil properties of horticultural interest? | plant nutrient source and reservoir |
| What are the 5 soil components and what are their percentages? | Space portion 50% includes air (25%) & water (25%), solid portion 50% includes inorganic mineral (45-47%) and organic matter (3-5%), also soil microorganisms – they can occur in the SPACE portion of the soil |
| How are nutrients in soil held together | soil particles are electrically charged negatively, nutrient particles (ions) are positively charged, this characteristic of soil is call cation exchange capacity |
| Describe characteristics of cation exchange capacity | mostly on small, clay particles, prevents nutrient loss (leaching), soils vary in the CEC, nutrients are “exchanged” by roots (removed from soil particles and moved into xylem of root) |
| Name major plant nutrients and their roles | nitrogen (proteins/DNA), phosphorus (energy storage/DNA), potassium (metabolism), calcium (cell walls), sulfur (proteins), magnesium (chlorophyll) |
| What factors influence nutrient uptake by a plant from soil? | how much nutrient is in the soil, solubility of the nutrient ion, CEC of the soil, soil pH, how much organic matter is in the soil |
| What can we horticulturally influence to change nutrient uptake by a plant? | how much nutrient is in the soil by adding fertilizer, soil pH by add sulfur to bring down acidity or lime to bring up alkalinity, add organic matter to soil |
| How does the composition of air vary in soil air? | elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), reduced oxygen (O2) |
| What is organic matter in soil composed of? | once living matter, plant/animal material and debris |
| What are the functions of organic matter? | water holding, nutrient holding (contributes to CEC of a soil), nutrient source via decomposition, soil structure (helps clump soil particles together making spaces for air and water larger) |
| How does organic matter change soil structure? | OM and organic acids produced by the OM act to “glue” the mineral soil particles together, it increases the size of spaces between particles |
| Horticulturally, what can be done about OM? | in the field – grow cover or green manure crops and plow into soil, in greenhouse – mix OM with other materials, in garden – compost or sphagnum |
| Describe soil organisms component of soil | micro and macro-organisms, algae, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, earthworms, insects, moles, etc., some are beneficial, some are harmful, serve many functions |
| What are the positive functions of organisms in soil? | decompose organic matter, open spaces between soil particles, change nitrogen from air to a form plants can use, form symbiotic relationships with plant roots for water and nutrient uptake (mychorrhizae) |
| What is mychorrhizae? | when organisms in soil form symbiotic relationships with plant roots for water and nutrient uptake |
| What are the negative functions of organisms in soil? | they compete with plants for water, nutrients, and air and infect plant tissues and cause “disease” |
| What can we Horticulturally to fight the negative functions of organisms in soil? | eliminate harmful micro-organisms through pasteurization (heating steaming), chemical applications to the field (fumigation and soil drenches), add beneficial microorganisms – Rhizobium (N fixation), Mycorrhizal fungi |
| When is soil not really soil? | when it is a “growing medium” |
| What are characteristics of growing medium? | adequate CEC, aeration/drainage, water holding capacity, free of disease/pests/toxins, lightweight, inexpensive, uniform and reproducible, readily available |
| What must be true of the soil component in soil medium in order to be effective? | it must be at least 20% of the total volume of medium |
| Describe components of soil medium | highly variable in all characteristics, problem in reliable continuing source |
| Describe components of sand medium | large size soil particles, large pore spaces means aeration/drainage, cheap but heavy (too weighty to ship very far) |
| Describe components of perlite medium | lava heated to 1400 degrees F, high water holding NO CEC, promotes aeration, sterile and lightweight |
| Describe components of vermiculite | mica heated to 2000 F, high water holidng, high CEC, sterile and lightweight |
| Describe components of peat medium | part decomposed residue of wetland sedges, sphagnum moss, high water holding, high CEC, promotes aeration |
| Describe components of coir medium | coconut husk fibers, some of same characteristics as sphagnum |
| Describe wood chips, sawdust, and bark chips as medium | must be composted to remove toxins, cheap, may rapidly decompose consuming N |
| In the cation exchange function of soils, what is generally the cation? | the nutrient particle |
| Where does cation exchange mostly take place? | on clay particles |
| What is light? | a small part of the huge electromagnetic spectrum (visible light) from 380 (violet) to 760 (red) |
| What are the characteristics of light? | spectral quality (color or wavelength), intensity (no. of photons, amt. of energy), duration (length of lighted period), direction (angle of incidence) |
| In photosynthesis, what is the absorbed part of the light spectrum called? | PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) |
| What is light intensity measured as? | micro moles/square meter/second – sunlight 1000-2000 where interiors as low as 50 |
| What is it called where the light intensity of respiration and photosynthesis cross? | compensation point, at this point the plant will not grow, but it will not die, below CP will die, above CP may grow |
| What is a plant’s saturation point? | at this light intensity, a plant captures the maximum amount of energy through photosynthesis that it is able to do, at lower light intensities, a plant will respond to brighter light, above the SP, brighter light has no effect on growth rate |
| What species of plants tend to have a higher saturation point? | sun-loving species (make more efficient use of brightly lighted conditions) |
| What species tend to have a lower compensation point? | shade loving species (survive at lower light intensities) |
| What are horticultural practices that deal with light? | plant spacing and pruning, eliminate weeds that compete for light, reduce weeds by dense crop canopy, supplemental lighting |
| What types of supplemental lighting are there? | incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps |
| Describe incandescent lamps | inefficient conversion of electricity to light, short life span, high in red portion of spectrum |
| Describe fluorescent lamps | more efficient and longer lasting, expensive lamps, high in blue portion of spectrum |
| Describe high intensity discharge lamps | HID, metal halide, sodium vapor, most efficient, spectral composition varies (metal halide green/blue, sodium red/orange) |
| What happens to incoming radiation made up of red and far red light? | much of red is absorbed, much of far red is transmitted |
| What is the balance of red to far red light in the sun vs. the shade? | in the sun it is balanced, in the shade there is more far red than red |
| What does red light promote? | short internodes, more branching in full sun |
| What does far red light promote? | less branching, longer internodes in the shade |
| What are the functions of water in a plant? | it is a solvent for chemical reactions, a substrate for chemical reactions, a carrier for mineral uptake, provides turgidity (maintains plant form – driving force for growth), provides cooling via evaporation, reduces rapid temperature change |
| What is gravitational water? | following saturation, it is the water that drains out of the soil due to gravity |
| What is field capacity? | the water a soil holds after gravity acts |
| What are the three ways that water can leave soil at field capacity? | evaporation, through atmosphere by transpiration, through plant and incorporation into growth |
| What environmental factors affect transpirational water loss by a plant? | increase in temperature increase in water loss, increase in humidity decrease in water loss, increase in wind increase in water loss, increase in light increase in water loss |
| What plant properties influence water loss? | leaf area and shape, stomata size and density, cuticle thickness, leaf surface, leaf exposure to the sun/curling |
| What is the permanent wilting point? | the stage when all available water is gone, there is still some water in a soil, but it is held by the soil structure too tightly for plants to get to |
| How does a plant react when water loss is greater than absorption? | stomata close, biochemical changes in the plant occur, reduced growth and productivity, leaf rolling and wilting, recover if water is restored or if sever enough, permanent wiling and plant death |
| Describe the type of irrigation, flood or furrow | requires flat land, uses huge amounts of water, low tech, once land is graded |
| Describe the type of irrigation sprinkler | water source- pumps main pipes, lateral pipes, risers, nozzles, high initial cost, moderate water use, useful for frost protection and cooling too |
| Describe low volume irrigation (trickle, drip) | small emitters at each point, even application, efficient with very little water loss, low volumes of water, dry leaves, requires very high water quality to avoid plugging |
| Describe sub-irrigation | water application below plant, greenhouse and nursery, ebb and flow capillary mats, landscape buried “ooze hoses”, can result in mineral salt accumulations at soil or media surface, especially in arid climates, algae may be problem with mats |
| How can you determine when to irrigate? | aerial imaging, in –soil devices, weather data, look at soil and plants! |
| What is waterlogged? | soils have too low of O2 in soil |
| What are some horticulture methods to improve drainage? | field tile, raised beds, in containers use fast draining media, containers must have holes to drain |
| What are the major components of climate? | temperature, moisture, and light |
| How does temperature effect bio-chemical processes? | an increase of 10 degrees C doubles the rate of chemical reactions and rate of diffusion of gases increases as temp. rises, evaporation increases at higher temps, solubility declines with low temps, membrane (lipids) change properties |
| What else can temperature effect in plants? | rate of growth, dormancy of seeds and buds, transpiration of water from roots to leaves |
| What are some examples of cool season crops vs. warm season crops? | cool season (peas, radish, tulips, Kentucky bluegrass), warm season (sweetcorn, pumpkins, canna lilies, Bermuda grass) |
| How can plants be divided based on climate vs. just season and give examples? | tropical (banana coconut mago pineapple), subtropical (avocado date citrus coffee), temperate (normally grown in Midwest –further divided – can only surivie mild winter almond European grape blackberry- severe winters apple American grape pear strawberry) |
| What is macro-climate based on? | geographic region |
| How can temperature variation between locations be described in other ways? | number of frost-free days and number of heat units |
| What factors affect the variance of temperatures? | proximity to water, altitude, topography |
| How does proximity to large bodies of water affect temperature? | what has a “high specific heat” meaning it changes temp slowly, the water temp affects the land temp nearby, keeps temps less extreme |
| How does lake Michigan affect growing? | bud development is slowed, reduces danger from late frosts – extends ripening period |
| How does altitude affect temp? | temp decreases as altitude increases |
| How do hills and valleys (topography) affect temp? | frost pockets, dense cold air sinks and settles at bottom of hillside – rain shadow, leeward side of mountain dry where winds don’t prevail – slopes, south side direct sunlight warmer and drier than cooler and wetter north side |
| What are some micro-climates that might affect a plant or crop? | leafy canopies, buildings and other structures |
| Describe evaporative cooling in greenhouses by fans and cooling pads | evaporation of water requires heat, cools the air |
| How are mulches used in horticulture? | black plastic increases soil temp. stimulating growth, also used to control weeds, organic mulches used to cool soil in summer, preserve moisture, provide protection against low temps in winter |
| What are some methods to prevent frost damage to horticultural crops? | wind machines- keeps cold air from settling on ground, sprinklers (layer of ice insulates and formation of ice generates heat), heaters (too expensive today) |
| What does refrigeration of fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers do? | slows down metabolism, extends post harvest shelf life, not suitable for all horticultural crops, particularly those of tropical origin |
| Define plant improvement | development of agriculture required identification of plants that could be cultivated, harvested and stored reliably |
| When was the beginning of organized argriculture/plant improvement? | 10,000 years ago |
| The origin of organized agriculture is often referred to as what? | “trash heap method” – ancestors would have heaps of organic “trash” much like compost pile and seeds often sprouted when conditions were favorable |
| What traits in plant improvement have been targeted? | yield, seed retention, upright growth habit, ease of harvest |
| What traits of plants have been improved? | resistance to pathogens, tolerance of environmental conditions, efficient utilization of nutrients |
| What is the “raw ingredient” for plant improvement? | variation – there is no basis for selection if all individuals are the same |
| What are the two factors of variation between individuals? | environmental variation (environment varies for identical plants) genetic variation (plants differ when grown in same environment) |
| What are sources of new variation for plant improvement? | recombination, spontaneous mutation, related species in plant families, germplasm collections |
| What are genes made up of? | encoded with DNA which is packaged in chromosomes which are contained in the nucleus |
| How are genes encoded? | with proteins (DNA→RNA→protein), proteins are responsible for carrying out most of the essential functions in all organisms |
| What does it mean for a plant to be diploid? | they have 2 copies of each chromosome or 2 copies of every gene in a call |
| Who discovered the rules for inheritance of genes? | Mendel |
| What are different forms of the same gene? | alleles |
| When Mendel studied traits in peas, what rules did he work out? | independent assortment and segregation |
| What is the genetic info carried by an individual called? | genotype |
| What is the appearance and performance of a plant referred to? | phenotype – determined by the environment and genes |
| What are qualitative traits? | “simply inherited” traits. Flower color was one of the traits used by Mendel to understand genetics |
| What are quantitative traits? | traits that are affected by many genes (this is the majority) – for these traits, there is continuous variation within the population |
| What are strategies for plant improvement? | selection, random mutations (sports chimeras), polyploidy, plant breeding, biotechnology |
| Describe the plant improvement strategy of selection | used by early agriculturists, used especially for woody ornamental plants and some vegetable which have long generation times |
| What did charles Darwin propose regarding natural selection? | he said that natural selection was the driving force of evolution – survival of the fittest |
| What was Darwin’s contribution to science? | journey to the Galapagos islands where he wrote a famous book defining the principles of “natural selection”, currently the most accepted scientific theory of evolution based on these principles, among other scientific items |
| What are two important points about selection for horticultural crops? | selection is based on the utility of plants to the grower and selection is performed on a wider range of traits in horticultural crops |
| In most cases, would plants selected for agricultural purposes be successful under conditions of natural selection? | NO |
| Define Sports, a type of mutation | sports are the result of rare spontaneous mutations in cultivated plants that result in new plants with desirable horticultural characteristics |
| What are some examples of sports? | pink fleshed grapefruit, seedless navel oranges, color variants for many apple varieties |
| What is a chimera | a sport where only one layer of tissue is altered for example thornless blackberries |
| What is polyploidy? | It is where an organism has more than the normal diploid (2n) number of chromosomes |
| Why are polyploids useful? | larger cells that result in larger fruit, they have larger flowers, they can be sterile (seedless) |
| Define plant breeding | Deliberate hybridization of plants with complementary traits and selection of elite lines that combine these traits |
| What can self-pollination reduce? | performance, vigor, productivity |
| What are the chances that after breeding a progeny will contain the combination of those two genes necessary to express both traits? | 1 out of 16 |
| What is a challenge of breeding regarding plant characteristics? | most characteristics important to horticulture are influenced by many genes |
| Define biotechnology | any technique that uses living organisms to make or modify products, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific purposes |
| How far does biotechnology date back? | bread and cheese making (3200 bc), fermentation (biblical times or earlier), production of explosives (WWI) |
| What does biotechnology involve? | the use of natural processes to get specific results – mainly by using microbes – to produce raw products for various end uses |
| What do we do in biotechnology? | isolate genes from any organism, modify and manipulate those genes, put the altered genes back into various organisms – this is usually referred to as genetic engineering |
| What is necessary in order to properly express something as a genetically modified organism? | once you have your gene of interest inserted into the target organism you need to prove that the gene is properly expressed and stably inherited by its progeny |
| What are some examples of bacteria and other microbe GMOs? | produce insulin in great quantities cheaply, human growth hormone, clotting factors |
| What are examples of GMOs in plants? | roundup ready soybeans, BT corn, Cotton and Tobacco, Flower color, virus resistant squash, golden rice |
| What are examples of animal GMOs? | nHerman the bull – created to help cow’s milk contain lactoferrin - necessary for new calf growth and not found in cow’s milk Faster and more targeted medicines and vaccines Increased immune system efficiency |
| What GMOs are in the store? | cheese, papaya (virus resistant), potatoes corn tomatoes (insect and disease resistant) zucchini squash (virus resistant) tomatoes (delayed ripening) milk (produced more efficiently) |
| Are blanket requirements for biotech foods likely? | NO |
| What are three agencies that evaluate food safety? | USDA, FDA, EPA |
| What GMOs are we likely to see next? | golden rice, bananas with vaccine proteins, fruits and veggies with improved taste, animals with leaner and more tender meat |
| What are the issues with biotech foods? | primary (public’s perception of it, the lack of info on it), food allergens, introducing things (proteins) where they weren’t before – impact on environment, not 100% sure how changed proteins are handled by the human body |
| What were the guest lecturers opinion on GMOs? | in the end the benefits outweigh the risks |
| How is conventional agriculture defined by organic proponents? | Highly specialized systems that emphasize high yields, achieved with inputs of fertilizers, pesticides, and other off-farm purchased inputs as well as a variety of other high-input and often resource depleting practices |
| How is organic farming different from conventional? | no synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, no chemical residue in food, no biotechnology permitted |
| Why is organic farming getting press and public appeal? | environmental concerns, health concerns, economic concerns, ethics |
| What is the fastest growing section of organic farming? | meat, fish, and poultry |
| What is the largest sector of the organic farming market? | fruits and veggies |
| Where are there the most organic lands? | oceania, then Europe and latin America |
| What countries are leading organic production? | Australia, argentina |
| What are the top states in organic production? | California then texas |
| What is the basis of organic farming and what does it entail? | sustainable agriculture – ecology (preserve capacity of land to meet needs) economy (preserve farming as viable lifestyle) society (preserve the integrity of rural communities) |
| What are the organic soil principles? | soil health = plant health, strong relation to soil biology and crop, soil “organism” is living – eats, breaths, circulates fluids and nutrients, reproduces itself |
| What are the principles and practices of organic production? | biodiversity, diversification and integration, natural plant nutrition, natural pest management, integrity |
| Why is biodiversity a principle of organic production? | diverse crop mixes, diverse organisms, balanced ecosystem |
| Why is diversification and integration of enterprises a principle of organic production? | ties needs of crops and livestock together – ex. Manure recycled back to crop fields |
| What are advantages of integrated enterprises in organic production? | greater economic stability as risks are spread out over livestock and crop enterprises, market premiums for certified products, energy consumption, environment protection, sustainable practices |
| Why is natural pest management a principle of organic production? | pests are indicators of problems and many organic growers feel pesticides cause ecosystem imbalances |
| Why is natural plant nutrition a principle of organic production? | it is a way of using natural tools to manage crops |
| What are some natural tools and practices to contain weeds? | crop rotation, mulches, cover crops, green manures, sanitation, planting dates, tillage, flaming |
| What are natural tools and practices used for pest control? | not using synthetic chemical pesticides, anticipate pests and adjust planting schedules, build up populations of beneficial insects, use natural or other organic approved insecticides |
| What are natural tools and practices for disease control in plants? | healthy soil, crop rotation, disease resistant cultivars |
| Why is integrity a principle of organic production? | systems in place and actions taken to assure that consumers of organic products get what they pay for |
| What did the Organic Food Protection Act of 1990 do? | required USDA to develop National organic standards and establish an organic certification program with standards for Farmers and processors |
| What are other approaches to organic farming? | biodynamic farming, permaculture, LEAF |
| What is biodynamic agriculture? | 1st ecological farming system to develop as a grassroots alternative to chemical farming, basic idea is that farm is an organism |
| How does biodynamic agriculture differ from organic farming? | association with the spiritual science for example, planting seeds during lunar phases |
| What is permaculture? | designing ecological human habitats and food production systems |
| What are some characteristics of permaculture? | holistic and integrated systems, create productive econosystems and recharge degraded systems, values and validates traditional knowledge and experiences, design is site specific |
| What are the ethics of permaculture? | care of the earth, care of people, setting limits on population growth and consumption |
| What is LEAF (linking environment and agriculture)? | it promotes integrated farm MGMT, commonsense farming which combines the best of traditional farming methods with modern technology, allowing farmers to manage their farms in an informed way |
| What is floriculture? | fresh cut flowers and greens, potted plants, foliage plants, beddings plants, hanging baskets and containers, vegetable transplants |
| What state produces most fresh cut flowers? | California |
| As far as potted flowering plants go, which states were the leading producers? | California, florida, new york, texas, and north Carolina |
| What state dominates foliage production? | florida |
| What states dominate annual bedding plants? | California, Michigan, texas, florida, and ohio |
| What states dominate in herbaceous perennials? | California, south Carolina, and Michigan |
| What states lead propagative material? | florida, Michigan, and California |
| What are the floriculture markets? | conventional florist, garden center, retail greenhouse, mass market (big box and grocery stores) |
| Who are the top 5 states leading floriculture? | California, florida, Michigan, texas, and new york |
| Where does Indiana rank in floriculture? | 23rd |
| What is a trend in floriculture? | branding of plants, sustainability, mass merchandising (box stores), in store care of product by grower, pay by scan, branding of plants |
| How is sustainability a trend in floriculture? | veriflora certifies growers as sustainable, eco-friendly flowers grown pesticide free, biodegradable pots, alternative substrates, recycling, alternative energy and conservation |
| What does floriculture in the US presently look like? | fresh cut flowers and greens down, potted crops and bedding plants up |
| Why is cattleya orchid production down? | fewer corsages sold, fewer orchids used in them |
| Why aren’t fresh cut chrysanthemums produced in the US any longer? | because it is cheaper to produce them elsewhere and transport by airplane – produced in central and south America |
| What did the floriculture industry in the US begin as? | cut flowers |
| An example of a successful "niche" market flower grower right here in northern Indiana is the greenhouse that grows which crop? | calla lilies |
| What are the four branches of horticulture production? | olericulture (vegetable), floriculutre, pomology, ornamental horticulture |
| What is webster’s definition of vegetables? | a herbaceous plant cultivated for food such as the cabbage, potato, bean – remember that many vegetables are botanical fruits, seed-bearing structures such as tomatoes, zucchini |
| What is a way to classify vegetables by temperature? | cool season (spinach, broccoli, peas) warm season (sweet corn, melon, tomato) |
| What is a way to classify veggies by plant organ consumed? | root (beet, carrot), stem (asparagus), flower (broc), tuber (potato), immature fruit (cucumbers, sweet corn), mature fruit (watermelon, tomato), leaf (cabbage, lettuce, spinach), seed (bean) |
| What is a way to classify veggies by culinary use? | salad crops, root crops, pulses (beans), herbs, carbs (potato) |
| What are most veggie crops grown as? | annuals |
| How are most veggies propagated? | by seed |
| What veggies are vegetativley propagated? | irish potato, sweet potato, aspargus, rhubarb |
| What have higher value – fresh market vegetables or crops for processing? | fresh market vegetables |
| Why does California dominate veggie production? | rich fetile soils, variety of climate conditions, dry climate reduces disease, federal irrigation projects, availability of workers, research and development to support the industry |
| What are the most important US veggies in production? | potatoes, tomatoes and lettuce |
| What are the top veggies grown in Indiana? | tomatoes (processed), watermelon, tomatoes (fresh) |
| What type of soil do veggie crops require? | sandy loams and loams are preferred, “muck soils” with high organic matter |
| What type of cropping system does most vegetable production in the U.S. rely on? | intensive monoculture – favors large operators, crop rotation |
| What type of soil preparation is there for veggies? | conventional tillage (plowing and disking for seed bed preparation, raised beds and plastic mulching) & conservation tillage (planting into crop residue to reduce soil erosion, weed and soil temperature problems) |
| What are the types of planting veggies? | direct seeding (requires longer growing season), indirect seeding – transplanting (extends growing season, promotes early maturation of crop) |
| What type of fertilization is used on seedlings versus established crops? | “starter solutions” and “side dressing” |
| What are methods to control weeds in veggie production? | cultivation, cover crops, mulches, herbicides |
| How do row covers and hoop support extend the growing season of veggies? | create a greenhouse effect to promote early season growth and frost protection, the benefits are temperature, soil warming, wind protection, and control of pests |
| What are floating row covers? | no support, lay flat over crop – perforated plastic or spinbound polyester, allows light penetration, allows weed growth |
| Why has greenhouse production of veggies reduced in US? | higher energy costs, improved rapid transportation systems |
| What are techniques used to prevent post-harvest loss? | gentle harvesting and sorting methods, cleaning, sorting, and waxing, rapid cooling, low temp storage, controlled atmosphere storage, rapid and secure transportation |
| What are the top produced temperate fruits? | grape and apple |
| What are the top produced tropical fruits? | citrus and banana |
| Where has world apple production increased greatly? | China |
| What state produces the most apples? | Washington |
| Why is there such a high cost associated with fruit production? | high labor demand, costs about $2000 per acre, more intensive management – higher profit per acre but much higher risk |
| What are differences of fruit crops compared to annual row crops? | they’re long term, large initial investment, takes several years to come into production, profitability determined by cost structure, one year affects next, quality more important than quantity |
| What is the ideal fruit tree shape? | wide bottom, narrow top, branches well spaced, good branch angles, tree support |
| What does reducing tree size do to light? | reduces heavily shaded area |
| What fruits are self sterile? | apple, pear, sweet cherry, plums variable |
| What fruits are self fertile? | sour cherry, peach, apricot, grape, blueberry, brambles, strawberry |
| What does a starch iodine test on fruit do? | detects conversion of starch to sugar |
| What are characteristics of major fruit producing regions, wholesale marketing? | sell through broker or packing house, sell just the product, less than 30% returned to grower, producer remote from consumer |
| What are characteristics of minor fruit producing regions AKA retail or direct marketing? | sell directly to consumer, 100% returned to grower, immediate feedback from consumer, opportunities to “sell farm experience” |
| What does the landscape industry look like? | plant production (woody, herbaceous), service (design, installation, management) sales, retail |
| What is xeriscape? | low water usage landscapes |
| Why do people garden? | environmental improvement, increased property value, stress reduction, self esteem, increased physical fitness, pride in accomplishment not found in job |
| What are examples of Public Horticulure? | curator of plant collections, botanical gardens/arboreta, museum gardens, zoos, parks, illustrators and writers |
| What is public horticulture for? | it serves the public |
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mlongest
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