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Ch.10 Terms&Figures
terms most likely on bio 1107 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| photosynthesis | the conversion of light energy in to chemical energy stored in organic molecules |
| autotrophs | producers; feed themselves; "produces" carbohydrates and simple sugars |
| heterotrophs | consumers; typically depend on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen |
| photoautotrophs | "produce" carbs and simple sugars via photosynthesis |
| chlorophyll | green pigment located within chloroplasts which absorbs the light energy |
| mesophyll | the "spongy" tissue in the interior of the leaf; where chloroplasts are found |
| chloroplasts | the sites of photosynthesis in plants; have 3 cell membranes: outer, inner, and thylakoid |
| thylakoids | where the light reactions occur |
| light reactions | the steps of photosynthesis that convert solar energy into chemical energy; water is split, O2 is released, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH, ATP is generated from ADP via photophosphorylation |
| carbon fixation | incorporating CO2 from the air into organic molecules already present in the chloroplast; phase 1 of the Calvin Cycle: CO2 is incorporated by attaching to RuBP. end product= 2molecules of 3phophoglycerate per fixed CO2 |
| light | form of electromagnetic energy or radiation; travels in rhythmic waves |
| wavelength | distance between wave crests; determines the "type" of electromagnetic energy |
| electromagnetic spectrum | entire range of electromagnetic energy; short wavelength=high energy; long wavelength=low energy |
| visible light | the narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum from 380nm to 750nm in wavelength |
| photons | non-tangible objects that behave like objects in that each of them has a fixed quantity of energy; particles which the behavior of light suggests light would contain |
| absorbed light | light which can be used for photosynthesis |
| reflected wavelengths | not absorbed or useful for psn; what gives us "color" |
| chlorophyll a | the main photosynthetic pigment; participates directly in the light reactions |
| chlorophyll b | accessory pigment which broadens the spectrum used for psn |
| carotenoids | accessory pigments which absorb excessive light that might damage the chlorophyll |
| porphyrin ring | light-absorbing "head" og cholophyll molecules; note magnesium atom @ center |
| fluoresence | released along with heat when an electron returns from an excited state to its ground state |
| photosystem | (in thylakoid membrane)collects light energy and funnels it into the production of stuff; composed of a reaction-center complex (protein complex) which is surrounded by light-harvesting complexes |
| reaction-center complex | a protein complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes; contains a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and "The Primary Electron Acceptor" (where the "lost" excited electron is stored) |
| Photosystem 2 | has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center; where H2O supplies the electrons to replace the "lost" one resulting in O2 as a by-product where the H2O supplies the electrons to replace the "lost" one, resulting in a by-product of O2 |
| Photosystem 1 | has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center; passes excited electrons through ETP 2 resulting in NADP+ -> NADPH |
| Linear Electron Flow | a flow of electrons through photosystems 1&2 which occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| Cyclic Electron Flow | uses only Photosystem1; produces ATP but not NADPH; excited electrons are "re-cycled" |
| Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate | the end product of photosynthesis, rather than glucose |
| The Calvin Cycle | where the "dark reactions" occur; occurs in the stroma; involves carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the CO2 acceptor |
| rubisco | ribulose biphosphate carboxylase; the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle: incorporating each CO2 molecule by attaching it to ribulose biphosphate |
| reduction | phase 2 of Calvin Cycle; each of the 6 3-Phosphoglycerate->6 of 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate via ATP->6 of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(G3P) via NADPH->5 of G3P (one leaves for use by the plant cell) |
| photorespiration | occurs on hot/dry days when stomata closes; rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin Cycle; plant consumes O2 & ATP & releases CO2 w/o producing ATP or sugar; problem b/c it can drain up to 50% of fixed CO2 from Calvin Cycle |
| C3 Plants | whose first organic product of the Calvin Cycle's carbon fixation is 3-phosphoglycerate |
| C4 Plants (C4 pathway) | use an alternate form of carbon fixation BEFORE the Calvin Cycle that forms a 4Carbon compound as its first product |
| PEP carboxylase | enzyme present only in mesophyll cells which adds CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate, forming the 4C product oxaloacetate; has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco and NO affinity for O2 |
| Crasslulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) | process used by some plants to fix carbon; stomata opens at night, converting CO2 into organic acids which are stored in vacuoles until morning when the stomata close & CO2 is released for use in Calvin Cycle |
| NADP+ | An electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions |
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