Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio 12100 ecology
last portion of Hopple's course, focuses on ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Levels of Organization of Life | Cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ systems -> organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem -> landscape -> Biosphere |
| Levels of Organization of Life for Ecology | Organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem -> landscape -> Biosphere |
| Community | A group of populations that live and interact in the same place at the same time |
| Ecosystem | -Biological community and the abiotic environment w/ which it interacts -contains matter (biotic & abiotic) -driven by NRG |
| Landscape | Array of ecosystems linked by flow of NRG and resources |
| Biosphere | (Ecosphere) global ecosystem of the planet |
| Ecology | Study of the Home |
| Organismal Ecology | -How individuals function in their environment ->evolution, physiology, behavior ->leads to distribution and abundance |
| Four reasons organisms have their present distribution | 1. Evolution 2. Biogeography 3. Abiotic/Biotic conditions 4. Behavior |
| Barriers | Restrain Dispersal -Natural -Manmade |
| Biogeography | Study of distribution of organisms over time |
| Equilibrium Model | Balance between immigration and extinction |
| Effect of island size on equilibrium model | Larger Island -greater immigration -lower extinction -larger equilibrium number |
| Effect of island distance from mainland on equilibrium model | Nearer Island -greater immigration -same extinction |
| Species-Area Curve | Larger area -more density of habitats More species |
| Macrobiological view | Expect things to be in certain places |
| Microbiological view | "Everything is everywhere" -Not that is moves, but it's already there |
| Paraphysomonas | -flagellated unicellular protist -25 microliters contains 40/50 total species -no matter where you look |
| Biotic components of Ecology | Living ex. competitors, food, prey, predator |
| Abiotic components of Ecology | Non-living ex. climate, H2O, temp, O2 |
| Non-native species | species dispersed by human activities outside their natural range |
| Rule of 10's | -1/10 introduced species becomes established -1/10 established species become invasive |
| Invasive species | -Non-native species whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health -Hard to eradicate an invasive species |
| Ecosystem Services | Functions provided by ecosystems that directly or indirectly benefit humans -pollination, wetlands along coast, trees |
| Population | group of one species in one place at one time |
| Four variables directly affecting population (N) | 1. Morality 2. Natality 3. Immigration 4. Emigration |
| Measuring Population Change Equation | ((Nat.+imm)-(mort.+em))/(t2-t1) |
| Exponential growth in population ecology | Direct result of mortality vs. natality -assumes no immigration or emigration Driven by per capita growth rate (r) |
| Per capita growth rate (r) | r=per capita birthrate (b) - per capita death rate (d) or r=b-d |
| Conditions of growth rate (r) | if r>0, population grows if r<0, population shrinks if r=0, population is stable=ZPG (zero pop. growth) |
| Exponential growth rate | Exponential growth (N) varies almost completely based on per capita growth rate (r), so Exponential growth rate=rN |
| Shape of population growth | J curve |
| Environmental Resistance | Exponential population growth can't continue indefinitely -never infinity -population eventually exceeds ability of environment to sustain it Variable limits pop. growth=limiting factor |
| Two outcomes of Environmental Resistance | Population crash -pop. temp. exceeded the capability of the environment to sustain it Population ceases exponential growth -population "levels out" |
| Logistic Growth | Pop. starts as exponential growth, then reaches carrying capacity. Looks like S curve (balance between organism an environment) |
| Exponential growth vs. Logistic growth | Exponential growth rate=rN Logistic growth rate=rN((K-N)/K) |
| Negative feedback | Change causes response that counteracts change |
| Density-dependent factors | -Competition for resources -territoriality -disease -predation -wastes -intrinsic factors - hormones |
| Population Cycling | Think Hare and Lynx Example |
| Two extremes of reproductive strategy | Opportunistic life history -organisms capitalize on transient opportunities in the environment Equilibrial life history -organisms come into balance with the environment |
| Characteristics of opportunistic species | -Early reproductive maturity -Small body size -Short lifespan -Many number of offspring per reproductive event -Few reproductive events in lifetime -Little parental care for offspring |
| Characteristics of equilibrial species | -Late reproductive maturity -Large body size -Long lifespan -Few offspring per reproductive event -Many reproductive events in lifetime -Extensive parental care for offspring |
| Survivorship | Proportion of individuals of a population that survive to a specific age |
| Three patterns of survivorship curves | Type I -ex. Large Mammals Type II -ex. Birds, Reptiles Type III -ex. Invertebrates, insects, plants |
| Type I species | K-strategists -pop. controlled by carrying capacity (K) -tend to have pop. controlled by density-dependent factors |
| Type III species | r-strategists -pop. growth reflected by per capita growth rate (r) -populations controlled by density-ind. factors |
| Thomas Malthus | " An Essay on the Principles of Populations" (1798) 1. "Food is necessary to the existence of man." 2. "...the passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state." -Population will outstrip its ability to feed itself |
| Paul Ehrlich | "The Population Bomb" -Follows Malthusian principles -pop. growth is "bad" |
| Julian Simon | "The Ultimate Resource" -Increase pop. comes increase innovation (human minds a resource) -pop. growth is "good" |
| TFR | Total Fertility Rate -Most developed countries predict slow negative growth -Most developing countries predict rapid growth |
| U.N. estimate of world population in 2100 | 11.2 billion |
| Demographic Transition Chart | Stage 1 - Pre-industrial -High BR, High DR, stable pop. Stage 2 - Transitional -High BR, low DR, ^ pop Stage 3 - Industrial -Tech. dev. beings, dec. BR, ^ pop. Stage 4 - Post-industrial -High tech., low BR, low DR, stab. pop. |
| P*A*T | P=population A=affluence T=technologies |
| Community ecologists | Study interactions among species |
| Species richness | Total # of species |
| Relative abundance | Freq. of diff. species |
| Interactions between species | Interspecific - between species -ex. Deer and grass Intraspecific - within a species -ex. deer btw. eachother |
| Competition | -/- |
| Parasitism/predation/herbivory | +/- |
| Commensalism | +/0 |
| Mutualism | +/+ |
| Lotka & Volterra | Hypothesize that 2 species w/ similar requirements could not exist together |
| Gause | Tests Lotka & Volterra hypothesis with paramecium, does follow -P. aurelia>P.caudatum |
| Niche | Sum total of an organism's use of it's biotic & abiotic surroundings |
| Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle | No 2 organisms may occupy the same niche or one will disappear -ex. paramecium, duck weed |
| Fundamental niche vs. Realized Niche | Fundamental Niche -area where they can live Realized Niche -area they choose to live (because of predation, resources, etc. (If niches do not overlap completely, weaker competitors use non-overlapping resources) |
| Character Displacement | Niche overlaps -Allopatric species eats seeds of similar size -Sympatric species evolve to exploit seeds of diff. size |
| Resource Partitioning | Two species living together use available resources in slightly diff. ways (In this case natural selection favors individuals that do not compete) |
| Top-down control | Top predator controls the structure of population dynamics of an ecosystem -ex. elk and gray wolf |
| Nutrition of Plants | Plants have poor nutrition; have low nitrogen concentrations |
| Plant defense | -Cellulose not digestible by animals -secondary components to deter herbivores (stimulants, irritants, psychoactives, etc.) -physical defenses |
| Lago Guri | -Dam in Venezuela -islands created w/ diff. mix of herbivores and predators -predator free islands see decease in vegetation |
| Keystone Species | Species whose effect on community is disproportionately large relative to its abundance -controls community structure |
| Ecosystem Dynamics | Matter cycles -recycled NRG flows -one way |
| GPP | Gross Primary Productivity -Chem. NRG from photosynthesis |
| NPP | Net Primary Productivity -Chem. NRG stored in tissue of plants |
| Most productive ecosystems/unit area | 1. Algal beds & reefs 2. Tropical Rain Forest 3. Wetlands |
| Most productive ecosystems in terms of total NPP | 1. Ocean 2. Tropical Rain Forest 3. Savannah |
| Global Warming and NPP | Winners & Losers |
| Tropic Efficiency | % of productivity from one tropic level to the next -approximately 10% converted through each level |
| Tropic Efficiency - NRG lost | 90% -material not consumed -waste as feces -waste as heat NRG from metabolism |
| Limits on Length of Food Chain | NRG transfer -greater productivity leads to longer food chains Stability -fewer trophic lvls in more variable ecosystems Environmental complexity -3d environments have longer food chains (evo. favors short food chains, longer ones are easier to brea |
| Tropic Cascade | -Reciprocal predator-prey effects -Alter abundance of pop. in ecosystem -involve 3 or more trophic lvls |
| Ex. Trophic Cascade in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem | -collapse of cod fishing (more fishing, less cod mass) Chain Effect (^shrimp, crab, small fish->^seals->decrease large zooplankton->^phytoplankton->decrease in NO3 (nitrate)) -Little to no cod recovery |
| Ex. Trophic Cascade Across Ecosystems | -18 man-made ponds -Full of fish or none at all -dragonfly differences (more fish, less dragonfly, vice versa) Chain Effect (decrease fish->^dragonfly->decrease in pollinators->decrease pollination of nearby plants) |
| Ex. Introduced Predators Transform Subarctic Islands | -Arctic foxes introduced to over 400 islands -Grassland (fox free) vs. Tundra (fox-infested) Chain Effect (^ Arctic foxes->decrease seabird density->decrease in nutrients from seabird poo->less nutrients->decrease nutrient transfer from ocean--->tundra |
| Dave Raup's Quote | "To a first approximation, all species are extinct!" -99.9% of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct |
| Permian Mass Extinction | "The Great Dying" 250 mya -90% of marine life, 97% of plant species killed (Global warming? - change in oceanic currents or Vulcanism? -Siberian magma fields) |
| Cretaceous Mass Extinction (evidence) | 65 mya, 60-80% of species killed -sedimentary rocks show iridium *rare on earth, common in asteroids -crater off Yucatan Peninsula |
| Mass extinctions | cataclysmic events ind. of evo. forces -accounts for 4% of all extinctions |
| Species extinction in nature | 96% of extinction -species time clock? *telomere length? -interspecific competition -environmental change? |
| Types of Extinction | Local, Biological, Ecological |
| Local Extinction | All individuals of a species disappear from pt of it's range, but still exist elsewhere ex. gray wolf in NYS |
| Biological Extinction | Death of entire species ex. passenger pigeons |
| Ecological Extinction | Species no longer able to perform role in environment due to decrease in # ex. Chestnut Blight |
| Spraying DDT in Borneo in the 1950's | Chain Effect (WHO) 1) decrease in malaria carrying mosquitoes->decrease wasps->increase in caterpillars->decrease in thatch roofs 2) ^ poisoned geckos->decrease cats->^rats->^typhus & plague->14,000 parachute cats |
| Present atmosphere composition | -78% N2 -21% O2 -1% Ar -0.04% Co2 -H2O varies 0-7% (note: 90% of elements contained in the troposphere) |
| Greenhouse Effect | Chain Effect Visible & UV radiation form the sun; penetrates atmosphere-> 1/2 radiation absorbed by Earth->Earth warms->Earth reradiated in infared->G.H.G. trap some IR; system heats up |
| "Natural" Greenhouse Effect | W/ no GHE, Earth would be 33 degrees celsius cooler (-18 degrees celsius) |
| Dominant GHG | Water vapor (85%) and small water droplets (12%) |
| Greenhouse Gasses | -CO2 (60%) -CH4 (20%) -CFC's (14%) -N2O (6%) |
| CFC's | Chlorofluorocarbons -refrigerants, soil fumigants -^0-539 ppb -stays around for 100 yrs |
| N2O | Nitrous Oxide -fertilizers, fossil fuels burning -^270-320 ppb -stays for several decades |
| CH4 | Methane -landfills, agricultural activities, frozen hydrides (permafrost, oceanic) -^848-1745 ppb -stays 15 yrs |
| CO2 | Carbon Dioxide -combustion, deforestation, respiration, decay -^228-392 ppm -stays 100 yrs |
| Figure of Human and Natural Drivers of Climate Change | CO2, CH4, N2O far exceed pre-industrial values |
| Carbon Cycle | Carbon (from most to least) Limestone/Dolomite->in ocean->fossil fuels->dead organic matter->atmosphere -more carbon put into atm. than back to Earth |
| Keeling Curve (Mauna Loa Curve) | Longest direct record of CO2 (1958) |
| Land use vs. Industrial Release | Industry is beating out landfill use in 1st world countries |
| UNEP fire for Vostock Ice Core | Over past 400,000 yrs stong correlation btw CO2 conc. & globe temp |
| Direct observations of recent climate change (IPCC) | -^global mean temp -^global avg. sea lvl -decrease northern hemisphere snow cover |
| Observed long-term climate change | -changes in Arctic Temperature & Ice -precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns -extreme weather: droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves, intensity of tropical cyclones |
| IPCC projections of future changes in climate | Best Low-1.8 degrees C Best High-4.0 degrees C |
| Change in Precipitation patterns as Earth warms | Chain Effect greater evaporation->more moisture in atm.->more precipitation (^precipitation & regional differences some decreases)->positive feedback as water in atm.>GHG |
| Aspects of climate that have not changed | -Tornadoes -Dust-storms -Hail -Lightning -Antarctic sea ice |
| Effects on GHG on agriculture | Chain Effect -^ CO2->^ plant growth -^CO2->^ temp->^ plant stress->decreases plant limitations->^ growth available |
| Effect of GHG on organisms | Climate will change faster than many organisms can migrate or adapt |
| NRG use | -equal parts for home, business, & transportation -90% from fossil fuels |
| Choices for long term GHG | -Home: reinvent -Transportation: FFF -Work: Right-livelihood -Location: travel/NRG -Lifestyle: Simplify -Population: equilibrium |
Created by:
GThatvi1
Popular Biology sets