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Ch 51 & 52
Nutrition, Digestion and Absorption
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are heterotrophs? | Animals that derive their nutrition by eating other organisms |
| What are autotrophs? | Organisms that can synthesize their necessary nutrients |
| What are saprobes? | Organisms that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter |
| What are detritivores? | Organisms that actively feed on dead organic matter |
| Describe the different kinds of predators | Predators feed on living organisms. -Herbavores consume plants -Carnivores prey on animals -Omnivores prey on both plants and animals -Filter feeders filter small organisms from and aquatic environment -Fluid feeders include mosquitoes |
| How do animals ingest and digest food? | digestion is extracellular. mouth takes in food & teeth break it up. stomach stores food to allow for gradual digestion. Small food particles are delivered to the intestines where nutrients are absorbed. Hindgut recovers ions and water and stores feces. |
| How are wastes eliminated? | The muscular rectum expels feces through the anus |
| What is the structure of the gut wall? | The gut wall has folds that have projections called villi. Surface cells of villi have smaller projections called microvilli. Surface area is increased in the parts of the gut that absorb nutrients |
| What foods provide energy? | Fats, carbohydrates and proteins |
| Which digestive enzymes break down macromolecules? | -Protease: breaks bonds of amino acids -Carbohydrase: carbohydrates -Peptidase: peptides -Lipase: fats -Nuclease: nucleic acids |
| What is the layered plan of the vertebrate gut? | Lumen gut cavity Mucosal epithelium secreates mucus digestive enzymes or hormones Submucosal layer blood, lymph vessels, nerves Smooth muscle layers constrict and shorten the gut Nerves that coordinate movement Peritoneum membrane that surrounds gut |
| Describe the mechanical activity in digestion | The tongue initiates swallowing; food passes into the esophagus. Closed larynx and the epigottis keep food out of trachea. Peristalsis: waves of muscle contractions that move food toward the stomach |
| What kind of muscle makes up the esophagus? | Part of the esophagus is skeletal muscle and part of the esophagus is smooth muscle |
| How does the esophagus transport the food bolus to the stomach? | As food reaches the smooth muscle, the esophagus contracts and pushes the food toward the stomach. As an area contracts, the region below relaxes so food does not move up. As food moves down, it causes the next region to contract |
| What chemicals in the mouth and stomach begin digestion? | Salivary glands secrete amylase. Gastric pits in the stomach are lined w/ 3 types of secretory cells: cheif cells, parietal cells and mucus-secreting cells |
| What chemicals does each of these cells secrete? | -Chief cells secrete pepsiongen (inactive form of pepsin) -Parietal HCl and keep the stomach pH below 1 -Mucus-secreting cells protect the stomach |
| What is chyme? | a mixture of gastric juice and partly digested food. The stomach walls contract and move the chyme to the bottom to the stomach. |
| What structure allows small amounts of chyme into the small intestine? | The pyloric sphincter |
| What are the three sections of the small intestine? | The duodenum is the initial section and site of most digestion. Jejunum and ileum carry out most absorption. The microvilli of the SI absorb nutrients and inorganic ions |
| What are the accessory organs for digestion? | The liver synthesizes bile, which flows through the hepatic duct to the duodenum. The exocrine pancreas produces many digestive enzymes |
| What is the structure and function of bile? | Bile contains salts that emulsify fats and expose them to lipases; enzymes that digest fats. |
| What are micelles? | small fat particles that result from the action of bile salts |
| What happens when contents leave the small intestine? | Contents pass into the large intestine, or colon. the LI absorbs water and ions, and produces feces. Too much water absorption in the colon leads to constipation; too little leads to diarrhea |
| What metabolic waste products must animals eliminate? | H2O and CO2 (from COH and fat metabolism) are easily excreted. Nitrogenous waste - ammonia (metabolism of proteins) and Uric acid (from metabolism of nucleic acids and caffeine) |
| What is the function of the kidney? | the main excretory organ. filters blood and produces urine. Rids body of wastes that were either ingested or are products of cellular metabolism. Controls body fluid volume and composition |
| What is the nephron? | the main functional unit of the kidney |
| What is filtration? | Blood is filtered in a glomerulus, a ball of capillaries |
| What is tubular reabsorption? | glomerular filtrate flows into the renal tubule where it is modified by reabsorption of specific ions, nutrients and water |
| What is tubular secretion? | glomerular filtrate in the renal tubule is further modified |
| What is the function of the peritubular capillaries? | work with the glomerular capillaries, and transport substances to and from the renal tubules. All peritubular capillaries form a nephron join into venules that lead to the renal vein |
| What is the Bowman's capsule? | the renal tubule begins with Bowman's capsule which encloses the glomerulus |
| What does the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) do? | its responsible for most reabsorption of H2O and solutes (Na+, glucose, and amino acids) |
| Where are aquaporins abundant? | in highly water- permeable areas, such as the PCT and descending loops of Henle |
| Explain the loop of Henle segments | -Thin descending limb loses water to the interstitial fluid with high Na+ and Cl- concentration -Thin ascending limb receives concentrated fluid from des limb, allows diffusion of Na+ and Cl- in I fluid -Thick A Limb transports Na & Cl |
Created by:
cassidylm34
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