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8, 9, 4
Skeletal and Muscular A & P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abduction | Movement away from the midline |
| Adduction | Movement towards the midline |
| Appendicular skeleton | Includes bones of the pelvic girdles, upper extremities and lower extremities |
| Articulation | A joint |
| Axial skeleton | Includes bones of the cranium, face, middle ear bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column and bony thorax |
| Diaphysis | Long shaft of the bone |
| Epiphysis | Enlarged ends of the long bone; meets with a second bone at a joint |
| Extension | Straightening of a joint so that the angle between the bones increases |
| Flexion | Bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones |
| Fontanels | Baby's soft spot; "little fountains" |
| Haversian system | Consists of mature osteocytes arranged in concentric circles around large blood vessels |
| Osteoblasts | Bone cells or bone-forming cells |
| Osteoclasts | Bone-destroying cells |
| Periosteum | Tough, fibrous, connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis |
| Synovial joint | Freely movable joint |
| Long bones | Longer than they are wide; found in the arms, forearms, palms, fingers, thighs, legs and instep |
| Short bones | Shaped like cubes; found primarily in the wrists and ankles |
| Flat bones | Thin, flat, and curved; form the ribs, breastbone, skull and bones of the shoulder girdle |
| Irregular bones | Differently shaped bones; include hip bones, vertebrae and various bones in the skull |
| Ossification | Bone formation |
| Compact bone | Found primarily in the shaft of long bones and on the outer surfaces of other bones |
| Spongy bone | Located primarily at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones |
| Bone growth occurs... | At the epiphyseal disc |
| Condyle | A large rounded knob that usually articulates with another bone |
| Epicondyle | An enlargement near or above a condyle |
| Head | An enlarged or rounded end of a bone |
| Facet | A small flattened surface |
| Crest | A ridge on a bone |
| Process | A prominent projection on a bone |
| Spine | A sharp projection |
| Tubercle | A knoblike projection |
| Trochanter | A large tubercle found only on the femur |
| Foramen | An opening through a bone |
| Fossa | A depression or groove |
| Meatus | A tunnel or tubelike passageway |
| Sinus | A cavity or hollow space |
| Synarthroses | No movement |
| Amphiarthoses | Slight movement |
| Diarthroses | No movement |
| Rotation (Circumduction) | Combination of movements creating a circulation |
| Supination | Turning the hand so the palm faces up |
| Pronation | Turning the hand so the palm faces down |
| Dorsiflexion | Bending the foot up towards the leg |
| Plantar flexion | Bending the foot down |
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter that is secreted from the nerve terminals of cholinergic fibers |
| Actin | One of the contractile proteins in muscle |
| Antagonists | A muscle that exerts an opposing effect |
| Aponeurosis | Broad, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to another structure |
| Belly | Thick part of a skeletal muscle between its origin and insertion |
| Cardiac muscle | Type of muscle found in the heart; the myocardium |
| Fascia | Fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the skeletal muscles or certain organs |
| Myosin | Muscle protein that interacts with actin to cause muscle contraction, also called the thick filament |
| Neuromuscular junction | Space that occurs between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber |
| Origin | Part of the muscle attached to the more immovable structure |
| Prime mover | Muscle that is most responsible for a particular movement |
| Recruitment | Enlistment of additional motor units increase the force of muscle contraction |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | Calcium-storing endoplasmic reticulum located in muscle |
| Skeletal muscle | Striated voluntary muscle that lies over parts of the skeleton |
| Smooth muscle tone | Non-striated, involuntary muscle, found in tubes and organs |
| Tetanus | Sustained muscle contraction |
| Tonus | Muscle tone |
| Endochondral ossification | Bone replaces cartialage |
| Excerise and weight bearing | Keeps calcium in the bone and increases bone mass |
| Projecting bone markings | Serve as points of attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments |
| Grooves and depressions in bone | Form routes traveled by blood vessels and nerves as they pass over and through the bones and joints |
| Projections and depressions of bone together | Help form joints |
| Simple fracture | A break in which the overlying skin remains intact; local tisssue damage is minimal |
| Compound fracture | A broken bone that has also pierced the skin; end of bone usually causes extensive tissue damage |
| Greenstick fracture | An incomplete break in the bone and ussually occurs in children |
| Spiral fracture | Line of fracture extends in a spiral direction along epiphysis |
| Comminuted fracture | More than two bone fragments; small fragments seem to be floating |
| Impacted fracture | Comminuted fracture in which the two bone parts of the broken bone have been jammed into each other |
| Cervical vertebrae | C1-C7; creates cervical curvature |
| Thoracic vertebrae | T1-T12; creates thoracic curvature |
| Lumbar vertebrae | V1-V5; creates lumbar curvature |
| Coccyx | tailbone; below the sacrum |
| Coxal bone includes: | Ilium, ischium, pubis |
| Tooth grinding | Bruxism |
| Sinuses | Air-filled cavaties located in several of the bones of the skull |
| 2 functions of the sinuses | Lessen weight of the skull and modulate sound of the voice |
| Hyoid bone | Located in the upper neck; anchors the tongue and is associated with swallowing. If strangulation occurs, this bone is often fractured. |
| Vertebral column | Backbone; extends from skull to pelvis |
| Vetebral column consists of... (how many bones?) | 26 bones called vertebrae |
| Atlas | C1; allows you to nod "yes" |
| Axis | C2; allows you to rotate left and right or say "no" |
| Spina bifida | Failure of the lamina to fuse during fetal development; causes paralysis and loss of bowel and bladder control |
| Scoliosis | Lateral curvature , usually involving the thoracic vertebrae |
| Kyphosis | Exaggerated thoracic curvature; sometimes called hunchback |
| Lordosis | Exaggerated lumbar curvature; sometimes called swayback |
| Intercostal muscles | Located between the ribs |
| Sternomanubrail joint | Also called angle of Louis; at the level of the second rib |
| Most frequently broken bone in the body | Clavicle |
| Largest portion of the coxal bone | Ilium |
| Calcaneus | Ankle bone |
| Hallux | Great toe |
| Anthrology | Study of the joints |
| Rheumatology | Studies diseases of the joints |
| Hinge joint | Elbows, knees and fingers |
| Ball and socket joints | Shoulder and hip joints |
| Pivot joints | Head, wrists (palms) |
| Saddle joints | Thumb |
| Gliding joint | Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints and vertebral column |
| Skeletal muscle | Generally attached to bone; voluntary muscle; striated |
| Smooth muscle | Found in the walls of viscera; involuntary; AKA visceral muscle |
| Cardiac muscle | Found only in the heart; involuntary; non-striated |
| Kissing muscles | Orbicolaris oris |
| Trumpeters muscle | Buccinator |
| Smiling muscle | Zygomaticus |
| Toe dancers muscles | Gastrocnemius and soleus |
| Praying muscle | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Lotus position | Sartorius |
| Swimmers muscle | Latissimus dorsi |
| Surprised muscle | Frontalis |
| Lasrge muscle consists of... | Thousands of single muscle fibers (cells) |
| Connective tissue binds the muscle cells together forming... | Compartments in the limbs, and attaches muscle to bone and other tisse by tendons and aponeuroses |
| Muscle fiber is surrounded by... | A cell membrane (sarcolemma) |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores... | Calcium |
| Muscles shorten or contract... | As the actin and myosin interact in the presence of calcium and ATP |
| Motor unit | Formed by a motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates |
| Neuromuscular juntion (NMJ) | Ther nerve terminal containing neurotransmitte, the space between the nerve terminal and muscle membrane, and the muscle membrane with its receptors |
| Origin and insertion | The attachments of the muscles |
| Prime mover | The muscle most responsible for the movement achieved by the muscle group |
| Synergist or antagonist | Works with or has an opposing action |
Created by:
caysmommy03
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