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chapter 16 study gd
cancer
| Question | Answer | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| the most effective action for CA prevention is what? | A. smoking cessation | ||
| the defect in cellular proliferation that occurs in the defect of CA involves what? | D. indescriminate & continuous proliferation of cells with loss of contact inhibition | ||
| the presence of carcinoembryonic antigens (CEAs) & alpha fetoprotein (AFP) on cell membranes is an indication that cells have what? | A. shifted to more metabolic pathways and fx | ||
| the difference between benign and malignant tumors is that malignant ones do what? | C. invade and metastisize | ||
| skin CA is associated with what? | UV light | ||
| acute myelogenous leukemia is associated with what? | alkylating agents | ||
| familial adenomatous polyposis is associated with what? | mutation of tumor suppressor GENES | ||
| cervical CA is associated with what? | HPV | ||
| Burkitt's lymphoma is associated with what? | E[stein-Barr virus | ||
| Thyroid CA is associated with what? | ionizing radiation | ||
| INNITIATION is the stage of CA in which there is irreversible alteration of DNA. T/F | true | ||
| Tobacco smoke is a complete carcinogen which can cause both innitiation & promotion. T/F | true | ||
| The promotion stage of CA is characterized by IRREBVERSIBLE proloferation of altered, initiated cells. T/F | False- it's reversible | ||
| obesity is an example of a promoting factor. T/F | true | ||
| The latent stage of CA is the same as PROMOTION. T/F | False- initiation & promotion | ||
| withdrawal of promoting factors will REDUCE the risk of CA. T/F | true | ||
| BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 are genes that SUPPRESS the development of breast CA. T/F | false; promote b/c they are mutations of suppressor genes | ||
| during CA progression, metastic cells become more HOMOGENOUS making tx more difficult. T/F | F; heterogenous | ||
| mutations of protooncogenes that normally limit cell regulations | oncogenes | ||
| substance that promotes blood vessel development within tumors | tumor ANGIOgenesis factor | ||
| tumor-cell surface antigens which stimulate an immune response | tumor-associated antigens | ||
| capable of causing cellular alterations associated w/CA | oncogenic | ||
| antigens on tumor cells which reflect a return to embryonic cell differentiation | oncoFETAL antigens | ||
| programmed cellular death | Apoptosis | ||
| lesion w/histologic features of CA except invasion | carcinoma in situ | ||
| evasion of immune system by CA cells | immunologic ESCAPE | ||
| interleukin-1 | stimulate T-cells | ||
| interleukin-2 | stimulate T-cells, natural killer cells, B-cells & macrophages | ||
| a-interferon | Augment natural killer cells | ||
| y-interpherons | stimulate macrophages | ||
| tumor necrosis factor | hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors | ||
| colony-stimulationg factors | stimulate production & fx of WBC | ||
| tissue of origin for meningioma and miningeal sarcoma anatomical site classification for tumors | embryonal mesoderm- both | ||
| anatomic site for meningioma and miningeal sarcoma | meninges-both | ||
| behavior for for meningioma and miningeal sarcoma | meningioma is benign; meninigeal sarcoma is malignant | ||
| a small lesion is found in the lung of a pt when doing an exray for cervical spine pain- dx procedure to determine if malignant is... | B. tissue biopsy | ||
| A pt is admitted to the surgical unit for a simple bilateral masectomy. This procedure is performed to...select all that apply | A. prevent breast CA; C. cure or control breast CA; D. provide palliative care for untreated breast CA | C. cure or control breast CA | |
| colostomy to bypass bowel obstruction | palliation | ||
| cordotomy for pain control | palliative | ||
| bowel rescection | cure/control, or both | ||
| debulking procedure to enhance radiation | cure, control or both | ||
| mamoplasty is for... | rehabilitation | ||
| insertion of a suprapubic catheter or insertion of a feeding tube is for... | supportive care | ||
| chemotherapy is most effective in... | malignant changes in hemopoetic cells | ||
| cell-cycle phase; drugs which mimic cellular metabolites | antimetabolites | ||
| cell-cycle phase;non-specific drugs which break DNA strands | alkylating agents | ||
| cell-cycle phase;specific drugs which cause that cause mitotic arrest during metaphase | mitotic inhibitors | ||
| bids w/DNA to block RNA production | antitumor antibiotics | ||
| cell-cycle phase;non-specific drugs that break the DNA helix and X the BBB | Nitrosureas | ||
| the nurse uses precautions w/vesicant chemotherapeutic agents to prevent what? | extravasation | ||
| A pt grade II, T1N1M0 carcinoma of the breast- the nurse know what in regards to carcinoma, grade and T1N1M0? | arose from epithelial tissue of the breast;Grade II: moderate differentiation; T1N1M0: small tumor size small # of lynph nodes involved, no evidence of distant metastsis | ||
| what are 6 specific tests to be performed for individuals over the age of 50? | annual digital rectal & PSA blood test;if 2 norm paps in a row- test Q2-3 yrs-stop at 70 if good 10 yrs, annual breast exam & mammogram;annual fecal occult blood test &/or flexible sigmoidoscopy Q5 yrs OR dbl cont barium enema Q5-10 yrs, OR colonoscopy | ||
| Identify 5 factors which help a pt w/CA cope | 1)ability to cope w/stressful events in the past, 2) an effective support group, 3)ability to express feelings and concerns, 4)older age usually has a greater sense of mortality, 5)possibility of cure or control | ||
| which route of chemo used for bladder? | intravesical | ||
| which route of chemo used for osteogenic sarcoma? | intraarterial | ||
| which route of chemo used for metastisis of the brain? | intrathecal (spinal cord crosses BBB) | ||
| which route of chemo used for metastatis from a primary colorectal CA? | intraperitoneal | ||
| which route of chemo used for leukemia? | intravenous | ||
| A pt w/breast CA is scheduled for insertion of a tunneled catheter for chemo, the nurse explains it's use... | decrases extravasation @ the infusion site | ||
| when teaching a pt about chemo, the nurse explains the use of what for s/e? | antiemetics, antidiarrheals, and analgesics | ||
| normal tissues which manifest early (actively proliferationg), acute responses to radiation tx include... | BM and GI mucousa | ||
| the rationale for tx w/radiation includes knowledge that... | malignant cells respond b/c they more frequently go through mitosis | ||
| when pt is going through brachytherapy, the nurse must realize that... | the pt is the one going through the tx & personnel must wear film badges | ||
| to prevent the debilitating cycle of fatigue-depression-fatigue d/t radiation therapy, the nurse encourages... | walking | ||
| the late effects of chemo & high dose radiation may include what? | resistant secondary malignancies | ||
| the primary use of biologic tx in CA tx is to... | enhance/supplement the host's immune system to tumor cells | ||
| A s/e to biologic therapy is what? | flu-like symptoms | ||
| while caring for a pt who is at NADIR- the nursing priority is what? | prevent infx | ||
| An allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is considered for a pt w/AML- the nurse explains what about the procedure? | bone marrow is attained from a donor who has a HLA match with the pt | ||
| During initial chemo tx, the pt develops hyperkalemia and hyperuricemia (d/t tumor lysis). The nurse recognizes this as an emergency and anticipated priority tx to be what? | increasing urine output with hydration therapy | ||
| list 3 capabilities of tumors cells which fascilitate the spread of it from the original site. | rapid prolif= mech pressure leading to penetration of tissues;dec cell-to-cell adhesion allowing movement of cell to exterior of primary tumor & w/in other organ structures; prod of metaloproteinase enzymes capable of destroying the basement membrane |
Created by:
arsho453
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