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PLANTS FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central Nervous System effects | Stimulants, Depressants, Hallucinogens |
| Stimulants | Enhance mental alertness, reduce fatigue, suppress hunger e.g. Cocaine |
| Depressants | Reduce mental alertness, induce lethargy and sleep, narcotics are a type of highly addictive depressant e.g. opiates like heroin and morphine |
| Chemical (drug) Dependence | A maladaptive pattern of drug use, leading to impairment or distress, presenting as three or or more of the 7, in a twelve month period--- |
| Hallucinogens | Alther perceptions, mood, and thoughts e.g. "Marijuana", Peyote, & LSD |
| The Coca Plant | Erythroxylum coca; small shiny leaved evergreen shrub; Native to the Andean Mountain Range (S. America); Leaves contain the alkaloid cocaine; leaves can be harvested 2-3 times a year; used to make tea or chewed for the stimulant effect |
| Native People continue to use the leaves to help provide energy to do manual labor | The Coca Plant |
| History of Cocaine | isolated from the leaves in 1850; used as a pain reliever and to treat morphine addiction; usage advocated by Sigmund Freud to treat mood disorders (stimulant) |
| Coca-Cola | invented in 1886 and sold as "brain tonic"; contained cocaine until 1903 |
| Anesthetic (pain relief) Vasoconstriction (stops bleeding) it was used as an injectable anesthetic | Properties of Cocaine |
| Illegal Cocaine Use | white powder, sulfuric acid is added to the leaves to make a paste, paste is treated with a variety of chemicals to produce the cocaine HCl |
| Cocaine-Crack | crack is made from cocaine HCl and baking soda; results in "rocks" that can be smoked so the onset of symptoms is very rapid |
| The Opium Poppy | Originated in Middle East, then to Asia; poppy seeds contain small amounts of the alkaloids (fail drug tests) |
| Opium | The fruit is a capsule, capsule is cut (scored), fluid (sap) accumulates, after sap dries and turns brownish it is removed and collected...raw opium |
| Opiates | many alkaloids; all are respiratory suppressants, e.g. morphine & codeine |
| Codeine | only 1/5 as strong a narcotic as morphine; respiratory suppressant to treat a cough, less potential for addiction, so this is still used in the US to treat coughs |
| Morphine | broken down in the gut, so it must be injected; the most potent prescription analgesic, given to hospitalized patients for severe pain; |
| MS contin | Oral formulation for morphine |
| Heroin | Derived from morphine; began to be used as a medication in 1898, legal use continued until 1917; originally thought to be less addictive than morphine, later it was discovered 6X more addictive; still legally cultivated and used in India |
| Marijuana | Palmately compound leaves; Dioecious annual--male and female flowers on different plants; |
| Glandular Trichomes | Hairs on Marijuana plants that produce resin; contains high amounts of cannabinoids (THC); receptors in the central nervous system |
| THC was first identified in | 1964 |
| USEAGE recorded of MARY JANE | earliest use: China (used as hemp material) later spread to India and the Middle East, where it was used for its psychoactive properties (smoking/eating) introduced to US in early 1900s from Mexico |
| Medical Marijuana | 14 States in the US have legalized this for medical purposes; glaucoma, anti-emetic:cancer chemotherapy adjunct, and multiple sclerosis (muscle spasms) |
| Nicotine | main alkaloid in tobacco, highly addictive, very toxic (insecticide) |
| Nicotiana | has about 65 species, herbaceous annuals of the temperate regions of the Americas |
| Tobacco Plant | difficult to grow; plant is suseceptible to numerous fungal and viral diseases; seeds are germinated in seedbeds and seedlings are transplanted to the fields; |
| when the plants begin to flower the inflorescence must be removed to maximize leaf growth; metabolic resources are used | Tobacco Plant |
| The plants are cut and wither in the field before harvest; leaves are harvested and cured; dry out on field | Tobacco Plant |
| Curing | drying & controlled breakdown process |
| After WW! this became the most popular form of tobacco use; use in the US peaked in 1963 at 42%; currently 25% in US; worldwide has increased (18% or 1.1 billion); medical research caused less advertising | Cigarettes |
| Diseases associated with Tobacco Use | toxins travel throughout the body and cause disease in every organ; leading preventable cause of death and disease. The 3 main diseases are cardiovascular disease, lung diseases, and oral diseases. |
| Cardiovascular Diseases | causes increased blood pressure and accelerates arterio-vascular disease |
| Lung Diseases | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Emphysema & Chronic Bronchitis |
| Oral Diseases | Smokeless tobacco, Periodontal disease; Oral Cancer |
| Poisonous Plants | Toxic if ingested, toxic on contact (contact dermatitis), toxic on contact+light (photo-dermatitis) |
| Water Hemlock | Summer-Common Weed |
| Poison Hemlock | Purple Spots on Stem |
| Milkweed | Cardiac glycoside in the latex sap; used by Monarch caterpillar to deter predators--the adult feed on nectar, only lay eggs, not poisonous for this insect(caterpillar is yellow/white) |
| Poisonous House Plant -- Dieffenbachia | not really a poison, but serious irritant to mucous membranes; contains calcium oxalate crystals; potentially could close your airway |
| Poisonous Landscape Plant--Japanese Yew | not berry or flower; outgrowth of seed. arrow. |
| Poison Ivy | Trifoliate: the basal leaves have no petiole; leaf margins are variable; woody stem; may be trailing along the ground or a vine growing up trees or fence posts; colorful foliage in autumn, white berries |
| Contact Dermatitis | Some plants cause an immune system reaction when oils from the plant come into contact with the skin |
| Urushiol must be removed from the skin as soon as possible from contact with this plant to prevent a rash | Poison Ivy |
| Photo-Dermatitis | Some plants have oils that only cause a reaction when they get on the skin and are exposed to ultra violet light |
| Wild Parsnip | A member of the Umbeliferae family; parsley, carrot, celery, and parsnip; a very common weed of open places, disturbed ground, and roadsides; |
| No skin reaction occurs if contact with the chemicals in the plant occurs on a cloudy day | Wild Parsnip |
| some white blood cells have the ability to distinguish between ___ and ________ | "self" and "non-self" |
| "Non-self" cells | Foreign cells and some molecules are recognized as this and are attacked by the immune system |
| Allergic Reaction | occurs when the immune system is stimulated by a foreign molecule (allergen) |
| 2 cells involved in allergic reactions | Lymphocytes-white blood cell Mast Cells--immune cells in tissue around blood vessels |
| Allergens | stimulate a type of white blood cell (lymphocytes/plasma cell) to produce antibodies |
| antibody | a protein molecule that will bind to one specific antigen/allergen |
| How and allergic reaction happens | antibodies come in contact with mast cells, which release histamine when they are exposed to more allergens |
| Histamine releases | Exocytosis |
| Histamine causes | capillaries to become dilated and porous-fluid leaks out of the blood stream into mucous membranes |
| Allergic Rhinitis | nearly all seasonal allergies are due to wind pollinated plants; wind pollinated plant produce small pollen grains that can remain airborne for long periods |
| Ragweed | A wind pollinated plant in the Aster family; blooms and produces pollen in very late summer & early fall; male and female flowers on the same plant |
| Not Goldenrod | an insect pollinated plant in the Aster Family |
| Botanical | Fiber Cells (sclerenchyma) |
| Commercial | Plant, Animal, or Synthetic material used to make textiles |
| Dietary | Indigestible plant material (cellulose and pectin) |
| Ground Tissue | Parenchyma, Sclerenchyma (Sclereids & fibers) |
| Plant Fiber Cells | Long cells with very thick cell walls |
| Commercial Plant Fibers | not just fiber cells, masses of fiber cell, often entire vascular bundles. Lignin is hard, but the lignin molecules darken, and become brittle with age. Cellulose molecules adhere to each other and are white, so they can be dyed (cloth), or white paper |
| The best commercial fibers have a higher proportion of _________ in __________. | cellulose (less lignin) in secondary walls |
| Surface Fibers | Fibers on surface leaves, seeds, & fruits example--cotton |
| Stem Fibers | Also called soft or bast fibers, phloem fibers in dicot stems example: linen |
| Leaf Fibers | Also called hard fibers, from vascular bundles in monocot leaves; example: manila |
| What are fiber uses? | *Textiles--> Fibers that are used in the production of cloth **Cordage-->Fibers used in the production of ropes and netting |
| Cotton Boll | The "fruit" of the cotton plant; splits at maturity to expose seeds and seed hairs |
| Cotton Surface Fibers | are attached to the seeds; fibers are approximately 1"; about 100 fibers per seed; about 40 seeds per boll |
| After Harvest, the debris is removed from cotton first, then the seeds are separated from the ______. | "lint" |
| Linen | soft fibers from the stem of the flax plant |
| Manila | Hard fibers from vascular bundles in the leaves of the Abaca plant; a relative of the banana plant |
| Rayon | manmade fibers produced from cellulose |
| Celluloid | an early plastic made from cellulose |
| A young dicot stem has... | vascular bundles are in a ring |
| An older, woody dicot stem has... | The bundles merge to form a cylinder after the first year; a ring of phloem is produced to the outside of the cambium; xylem to the inside of the cambium |
| Phloem | Also called the inner bark; just outside the cambium |
| Heartwood | Crushed xylem cells; waste material is moved to center of trunk; darker due to waste material; waste is conducted to this wood byt vascular rays |
| Sapwood | Functional xylem cells that conduct water and minerals |
| Vascular Rays | radial strands of parenchyma |
| Springwood | Larger vessels conduct more water, accommodates rapid growth and leaf-out in spring |
| Summerwood | Progressively smaller xylem cells as growth slows in late summer |
| Hardwood | Angiosperms; vessels & tracheids |
| Softwood | Gymnosperms; tracheids only |
| Knots | The base of a branch is buried deep within the trunk |
| Plywood | A continuous thin sheet of wood is cut from a log with a lathe; thin layers of wood glued together to make sheets of wood; the grain of each layer is at right angles to the next layer; adds strength and prevents warping |
| Oriented Strand Board | Wood particles are glued together; scraps from other lumber production processes can be used |
| Engineered Lumber | Wooden I-beams for maximum strength with minimum material use |
| Veneer | A very thin layer of more valuable wood overlying less valuable wood (particle board) |
| What was paper first used from? | Papyrus |
| When and where was papyrus first used? | 4,000 y.a. in Egypt |
| Papyrus | Made from the stem pith of a grass-like plant called a sedge; two layers of pith at right angles to each other; pounded to break apart the cells; dried in the sun; the sap glues the layers together |
| Early Paper | First made in China about 2,000 years ago from mulberry tree bark |
| Paper Today | most made from the cellulose fibers in wood; 50% of all wood harvested is used for paper |
| Wood Pulp | a watery suspension of cells |
| Higher Quality Paper is achieved | by removing the lignin |
| What was used then and now? | THEN--> Chlorine (lead to water pollution with dioxin--a potent carcinogen) NOW--> Sodium hydroxide, or sulfites |
| PCB and Dioxin Pollution | Toxins accumulate in the water table; toxins can accumulate in aquatic vertebrates |
| How is water taken out of paper? | The watery pulp is spread thinly on screens to remove water. Then exposed to heated rollers to remove more water |
| Wet Pulp H-Bonds | In wet pulp, the cellulose molecules form hydrogen bonds to the water molecules |
| Dried Paper H-Bonds | As the water is removed from the wet paper sheet, the bonds between cellulose and water are traded for bonds between adjacent cellulose chains |
| preventing ink from "bleeding" | Other substances (sizing) like starch or talc are added to help the fivers stick together, thus preventing ink from bleeding; fibers bond together as water is removed |
| Recycled Paper saves.. | 75% of energy, 50% of processing water, reduce 75-95% of air pollution, reduces 14% to 22% of the amount of garbage |
| What is the Green Revolution? | The application of technology to increase agricultural output in the post WW II era(more food...cheaper food) |
| What are used in the Green Revolution? | Fertilizers, pesticides, mechanization, irrigation (high yield plant varieties ((crop breeding)) ) |
| Problems with the Green Revolution? | Chemical & fertilizer pollution, depletion of aquifers, limited access to the technology in places where food is scarce |
| Fertilizer Runoff | Causes over fertilization of surface water; leads to toxic algal blooms |
| What is a historic example of pesticide pollution? | DDT |
| DDT -------- | relatively safe for vertebrates at low doses; bioaccumulation; animals at the top of the food chain were poisoned by DDT; egg shells became thin and brittle, while many predatory bird species were threatened before this was banned |
| Aquifers | a confined underground water source |
| The two new trends in Agriculture | 1) organic food 2) GMO |
| GMO stands for | Genetically Modified Organisms |
| Industrial Agriculture | mono-crops are unnatural systems |
| Organic Farming | develops biological diversity to mimic a more natural system |
| Apply natural fertilizers such as manure or compost, to feed soil and plants | Organic |
| Use beneficial insects and traps to reduce pests and disease | Organic |
| Apply chemical fertilizers to promote plant growth | Conventional |
| Rotate crops, till, hand weed or mulch to manage weeds | Organic |
| Spray insecticides to reduce pests and disease | Conventional |
| Use chemical herbicides to manage weeds | Conventional |
| Give animals antibiotics, growth hormones and medications to prevent disease and spur growth | Conventional |
| Give animals organic feed and allow them access to the outdoors. Use preventive measures, such as a balanced diet and clean housing to help minimize disease | Organic |
| The Growth Medium | Organic farming begins with high quality soil |
| Good soil contains | essential plant nutrients and do not require additional chemical fertilizers |
| Soil | is a mixture of underlying mineral bedrock below and decaying organic matter from above |
| Soil contains? (What 3 things?) | solid material, air and water |
| The upper layers of soil are a __________. | living ecosystem |
| T or F -- Soil is disturbed as little as possible with machinery to maintain soil quality (low till). | TRUE! |
| Order Slit, clay and sand in the different sized particles of soil from largest to smallest. | GRAVEL-sand-silt-clay |
| Aggregates | clumps of silt and sand that are held together by clay and organic material |
| This Farming requires regular monitoring for pests | ORGANIC |
| From the roots of several S. American legumes; toxic to some vertebrates; breaks down in UV light (organic molecules) | Natural Insecticides |
| Pyrethrum | non-toxic for vertebrates; from the dried heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium; toxic to the nervous system of insects not mammals; effective against a broad spectrum of insects and is biodegradable |
| This type of farming has buffer zones to prevent contamination with synthetic pesticides | ORGANIC |
| Weed Control on an Organic Farm | Some weeds are OK, weeding done by hand, mulch is used to minimize weeds in rows |
| What do organic farms produce? | grain, meat, dairy, eggs, and fibers |
| This type of farming is more labor intensive and more expensive | ORGANIC |
| 3% of US food is produced this way; and food sales have increased by 20% annually | ORGANICALLY |
| CSA stands for | Community Sponsored Agriculture |
| CSA means | food is grown locally and money stays in a local economy |
| Biotechnology is also called | genetic engineering |
| Biotechnology means | moving a gene from one organism to another (they can be different...ex. animal to plant) |
| The organism with the new gene is a GMO, or transgenic...GMO stands for | "Genetically Modified Organism" |
| Uses for GMO are | --Herbicide resistance --Bt |
| Can be used after the crop emerges from the soil; will kill the weeds, but not the crop | Herbicide |
| Is a soil bacterium that produces insecticidal proteins; genes for these proteins are inserted into plants to kill insects that eat the plant | Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) |
| Roundup | a herbicide, genes have been introduced into crops to make them resistant to Roundup; the herbicide is sprayed on the crops and only the weeds will be killed |
| Bt corn | protein from bacteria thats toxic to insects |
| Moth larvae eat corn; economic losses $1 billion annually in the US; ^0% of the US corn crop now has this gene. What is it? | Bt genes |
| PRO or CON of GM Crops --> Reduced pesticide use | PRO |
| PRO or CON of GM Crops --> Increased use of roundup | CON |
| PRO or CON of GM Crops --> Resistance to Bt? | CON |
| PRO or CON of GM Crops --> Food Safety? | CON |
| PRO or CON of GM Crops --> Improved crop productivity | PRO |
| PRO or CON of GM Crops --> Potential gene transfer to wild species? | CON |
| Ecology | A branch of science concerned with the interrelationships of organisms and their environments |
| The 3 living systems above the level of the organism are.. | Population-->Community-->Ecosystem |
| Population | a group of organisms of the same species |
| Community | different types of organisms interacting in a given area |
| Ecosystem | Biotic & abiotic factors taken together |
| Can be a large geographic area or a community of insects on a particular plant | Communities |
| Niches | The habitat occupied by an organism and its function in the community |
| Tropic Levels | occupants of communities are organized into these. Primary producers and consumers |
| The largest amount of biomass is at the _____ of the ecological pyramid | BASE |
| Primary producers are | autotrophic |
| Autotropic | plants harvest solar energy |
| Primary consumers are | heterotrophic |
| Heterotropic | organisms that feed directly on the primary producers (herbivores) |
| Secondary and tertiary consumers feed on | any/all levels below them |
| What do decomposers do? | recycle organic matter |
| Ecosystem | the interaction of the living organisms (biotic community) with the physical (abiotic) environment |
| Nutrients cycle back and forth between what parts of an ecosystem? | biotic and abiotic |
| Evaportaion | moves surface water into the atmosphere |
| Condensation | (precipitation) moves water back to the surface |
| WATER FACTS | -covers 70% earths surface --97% salt water --2/3 of fresh water in the ice caps and glaciers --Remaining 1/3 of fresh water divided equally between surface & ground water |
| Continually be produced by plant from atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis | Organic carbon |
| Returned to the atmosphere through cellular respiration | Carbon (atmosphere is only .03% CO2) |
| accumulates as sediment and is exposed to long periods of heat and pressure | Organic Matter |
| Heat and pressure convert organic mater into this | Hydrocarbons |
| Large & diverse group of chemical compounds containing carbon and hydrogen | Hydrocarbons |
| Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) | Hydrocarbons |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Carbon that has been sequestered as fossil fuel has been introduced into the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial revolution? | TRUE |
| Evidence of Climate change?? | *20th century surface temp. were the warmest of any century in the past 1,000 years *1990s were the warmest decade in the past 1,000 years *Average global surface temps have increased .4 to .8 degrees Celsius over the past 140 years |
| Evidence of Climate change?? | *Receding glaciers *Melting polar ice caps & mountain snow caps *Thawing of permafrost *Rising sea levels |
| Receding snow caps on Kilimanjaro % loss from 1912 to 2000 is? | 82% loss |
| Permafrost | Only the upper few meters of soil (called the active layer) thaws every summer and then completely refreezes during the winter |
| Permafrost layers top to bottom | *Active layer *Thaws & refreezes *Permanently frozen ground 10'-1000' thick |
| Melting Permafrost | -The active layer moves deeper; soil becomes unstable |
| Arctic sea ice is receding at what percent per year? | 9% per year |
| TRUE OR FALSE. submarine sonar indicates 45% thinning in the past 30 years | FALSE. 40% |
| TRUE OR FALSE. low coastlines may become inundated | TRUE! |
| Greenhouse Gases consist of: | CO2, Methane, Nitrous Oxides, CFC's (Anthropogenic), Water Vapor (not atmospheric gas) |
| The Green House Effect | An increase amount of CO2 in the atmosphere prevents heat from radiating into space |
| TRUE OR FALSE. No lunar atmosphere means no greenhouse effect on the moon. | TRUE! day temp-- 225 degrees F night temp-243 degrees F |
| What alters the carbon cycle? | Extra CO2 is being added to the atmosphere by the combustion of fossil fuels |
| what is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels? | CO2 |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Hydrocarbons produced in exhaust today may take 30 years to cause increased CO2 levels | TRUE! |
| TRUE OR FALSE? Fossil fuel use has decreased over the past century. | FALSE! it has increased. |
| TRUE OR FALSE? There has been a corresponding increase in CO2 levels in the atmosphere. | TRUE! |
| What is used to measure CO2 levels in the atmosphere many hundreds of years ago? | Ice Cores |
| What is the primary greenhouse gas? | CO2 |
| These are produced by combustion of fossil fuel and are increasing at rates similar to CO2 | Methane and Nitrous oxides |
| TRUE OR FALSE? CO2 dissolves readily in water and this changes the pH of water and has adverse effects on plankton (base of food chain) and has effects on the viability of coral reef communities. | TRUE! |
| Types of Diversity | 1) ecosystem 2) species 3)genetic |
| Ecosystem impact of Diversity | different habitats to accommodate different species and provide for continued potential for evolution |
| Species impact on Diversity | # of different _______ |
| Genetic impact on Diversity | diversity within on individual or population |
| _____________ are often the basis for new pharmaceuticals | Phytochemicals |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Agriculture may need wild plant genes to enhance current crop plants? | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE. Ecosystem services lack a formal market value and are taken for granted | TRUE |
| Biodiversity provides and maintains this | Ecosystem services |
| Identified species on this planet are? Estimated actual number of species? | 1.5 million 5-100 million? |
| Where are the majority of species located? | Decreases toward the poles & increases toward the equator |
| About ____% of all species that ever evolved are now extinct | 90% |
| The baseline rate of _______ is about one species globally per hundred years; Currently the rate of _________ is about 1,000 times greater; This is due to human activity. | extinction |
| The four main causes of species extinction are: | 1) Habitat Loss 2) Invasive Species 3) Pollution 4) Over-exploitation |
| The primary reason for loss of biodiversity is | habitat loss due to human development |
| Habitat loss in Wisconsin happens where? | The Tension Zone Prairie SW Forest NE |
| How much prarie habitat is remaining in WI? | There is one tenth of 1% of the prairie habitat remaining in Wisconsin |
| The second most significant reason for loss of biodiversity | Invasive Species |
| Chemical solution happens.. | Point Source & Non-point source |
| Which is more harmful towards the environment point source or non-point source? | Point Source |
| They are on food that we eat, in water that we drink and attach to dust particles in the air we breath; Several hundred have been isolated in human blood samples | Chemical Pollution |
| 32 million acres of this; More than any other single crop | Lawns |
| Produced from petrochemicals | Plastic |
| Most of this accumulates in the oceans;About 80% of all of this garbage comes from the land | Plastic |
| Causes problems for nocturnal & migratory animals that use the sky to orient themselves | Light |
| Contrails | Caused by “condensation” of jet engine exhaust |
| clear cutting forests; bottom trawling | Overexploitation |
| May be plant or animal;An alien (foreign) species that is introduced into a new habitat;Since the alien did not evolve in its new habitat there are not “checks and balances”;invade and dominate the new habitat | Invasive Species |
| Herbaceous woodland biennial, in Wisconsin, blooms in spring, likes partial shade | Garlic Mustard |
| woody shrub/small tree, very shade tolerant, replaces other woody species in Wisconsin | Buckthorn |
| major problem in wetlands. Three insects have been introduced as biological control | Purple Loostrife |
| introduced from aquariums, reproduces from fragments, moved form lake to lake by recreational boaters | Eurasian Water Milfoil |
| Invasive animal; introduced from water ballast, ocean shipping to the Great Lakes | Zebra/Quagga Mussels |
| Invasive animal; larvae feed on wood in trees, often killing the tree | Emerald Ash Borer |
| Invasive animal;100 released in Central Park in 1890 by someone who wished to establish all the birds mentioned in Shakespeare’s works in the New World;There is now a population of 140 million to 200 million in the US | European Starling |
| Energy Resources Types are: | 1) Hydrocarbon fuels 2) Non Hydrocarbon renewables 3)Nuclear |
| Hydrocarbon fuels consist of | Fossil fuels (85%) Renewable hydrocarbon fuels (< 1%) |
| Non Hydrocarbon renewables consist of | Wind (< 1%) Solar (< 1%) Hydroelectric (4%) Geothermal (< 1%) |
| Nuclear takes up what percent of energy resources | 8% |
| The fossil fuels in the United States are | Oil, Coal, Natural gas Organic molecules Nonrenewable Account for about 85% of US energy budget |
| The US accounts for 5% of the worlds population, yet consumes about _____ of the worlds fossil fuel | 25% |
| Prior to 1960 the greatest proportion was coal; Most fossil fuel used now is in the form of _______? | oil |
| Accounts for about 35% of energy consumption worldwide | Oil |
| Mainly used to heat homes and in household appliances (stoves & gas dryer);About 90% methane;The cleanest fossil fuel (primary emission is unburned methane) | Natural Gas |
| Mainly used to produce electricity;Contains sulfur compounds that combine with water in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid | Coal |
| Alters pH in aquatic habitats & defoliates trees | Coal & Acid rain |
| The largest known fossil fuel reserves are ? | Coal |
| produced from living/organic sources that reproduce and are renewable | Biomass |
| The two biofuels are | Biodiesel & Ethanol |
| Already being used as an additive in gas to decrease pollution; Less energy in the chemical bonds so more of this is required to go the same distance | Ethanol |
| Invented by Rudolf Diesel in 1893 to run on peanut oil; not meant to put into a car | The Diesel Engine |
| Quick Fact | B20 is 20% biodiesel combined with petroleum diesel…can be used in current diesel engines B100 (100%) biodiesel engines need to be modified |
| Biodiesel Sources | Plants: soy, flax, sunflower Animal: animal fat, tallow Algae |
| Production---> Triglyceride + alcohol = ethyl ester + glycerol | Biodiesel |
| store energy as lipid and carbohydrate; Faster growth rate than terrestrial crops; Can use saltwater or wastewater; 30 times greater yield (gal/acre/year) | Biodiesel from Algae |
| 7% of energy use in the US Wind Solar Hydroelectric Geothermal | Nonhydrocarbon renewables |
| Hydroelectric and geothermal are site dependent | Nonhydrocarbon renewables; (quickfact) |
| Most _______ sources are in the western US; All rely on extracting hot water/steam to run turbines and generate electricity | Geothermal |
| The weight of falling water turns a turbine to generate electricity | Hydroelectric |
| Wind and solar are | intermittent |
| Wind Energy | Very old technology;Updated to generate electricity |
| Can generate electricity: photovoltaic Can collect heat: solar thermal | Solar Energy |
| ____ effect first discovered in 1883 (selenium);Began to be utilized in 1950 (NASA; The basic unit is a cell (15% efficient) | Photovoltaic |
| This movement of electrons is | electric current |
| Electrons in a ________ cell are excited by light energy (like photosynthesis) Electrons are removed from the ___________ cell and flow through a wire; A cell is a thin wafer ;Cells are combined in series in an array or solar panel | photovoltaic |
| A dark surface becomes hot; Heats fluid inside the collector, which is used to heat water in the storage tank; 2 components collector & insulated storage tank | Solar Thermal Energy |
| Parabolic heat collectors heat water in pipes to generate steam to produce electricity | Solar Thermal Electric Generation |
| Passive solar design | Buildings remain cool in summer and warm in winter without the use of equipment; Based on seasonal changes in the angle of sunlight Relies on overhangs to provide shade in summer;“Thermal mass” collects and stores heat in winter |
| -Used to produce electricity -Heat creates steam to turn turbines -Radioactive rods heat water – produce steam – turn turbines to generate electricity | Nuclear Energy |
| How long is a radioactive life? | 24,000 yr. |
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