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Exam 4 Bio 1010
Bio 1010 Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are three major groups within the history of life on earth? | Bacteria, Achaea, Eucarya |
| What do Bacteria, Achaea, and Eucarya have in common? | They are organisms that have the same basic genetic code |
| How did Life begin in the Beginning? | No oxygen in the atmosphere, lots of energy available ( lightning, volcanoes, and UV light), and Organic molecules could form in the oceans. |
| What was thought of the atmosphere in the beginning of life? | It was thought to be unstable, the earths crust was still hot and settling volcanoes, and more UV light evident because the Ozone layer didn't exist and therefore didn't absorb UV light |
| How could cell membranes form? | Membrane = phospholipids and proteins Water + lipids + proteins shake = microspheres |
| The first genetic material consisted of? | Probably RNA Functioned both as genes and as enzymes |
| Genes are... | instructions for building proteins |
| Enzymes are | Enabled cell to copy genes |
| Important steps in Evolution what happened first? | First cells- prokaryotes (eg. bacteria) --obtained energy absorbing and breaking down organic molecules --or by engulfing other cells --no oxygen in atmosphere for repiration --eventually photosynthetic bacteria evolved |
| Important Steps in Evolution; Origin of Eukaryotic Cells | 1. Evolved from prokaryotes that engulfed other bacteria 2. chloroplasts and mitochondria used to be free-living bacteria |
| Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain? | DNA... they also are surrounded by a double membrane, and contain ribosomes resembling those bacteria |
| Multicellularity | enabled organisms to grow larger enabled specialized structures to form, more efficiently |
| Internal Skeleton | 1. Better Support 2. Better locomotion (better movement) 3. Allows for the evolution of jaws |
| Invastion of Land | 1. Plants move first 2. Then invertebrates (e.g. insects) 3. then amphibians evolved from fish |
| Reptiles evolved from amphibians | 1. able to live in dry habitats 2. lush plant growth enabled some reptiles to evolve to a larger size |
| climate change | 1. drove large reptiles to extinction 2. selected for smaller species that were adapted to the cold with feathers or fur (i.e. birds and mammals) 3. both birds and mammals evolved from reptiles 4. mammals like reptiles had mammalian teeth and jaws |
| Mammals Diversified: Primates (ex monkeys, apes, and humans) evolved how? | 1. forward facing eyes 2. opposable thumb, precursor for the evolution of tool use in human ancestry 3. most recent common ancestor of humans and chimps -one line eventually evolved into chimps, the other into humans-- humans are not descended from chim |
| Human Evolution | • Human and ape lineages diverged ~6 million years ago • Many different hominid species have existed, often simultaneously • Bipedalism (walking on two legs) evolved soon after the split between apes/humans |
| Advantages of Bipedalism | higher vantage point, ability to carry things, ability to spot predators or water sources, help to get brain out of the heat, to see farther, to keep cool |
| Humans are evolved from? | CroMagnons |
| What are the Steps in Evolution? | 1. Evolution of Eukaryotics 2. Multicellularity 3. Internal Skeleton 4. Invasion of Land 5. Reptiles evolved from amphibians 6. Climate Change 7. Mammals Diversified 8. Human Evolution |
| Ecology (Ecosystem) | |
| What is Biotic (living) components | plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc |
| What is Abiotic (non-living) components? | soil, rocks, air, water, pH, temperature, etc |
| Is a praying Mantis common or uncommon? | Uncommon |
| Is a katydid common or uncommon? | common |
| An ecosystem has two parts? | Biotic, and Abiotic? |
| What are the trophic levels? | 1. Plants = producers 2. primary consumers : eat producers 3. secondary consumers : eat primary consumers 4. tertiary consumers : eat secondary consumers 5. quaternary consumers : eat tertiary consumers |
| what is a detritivores? | they feed off all trophic levels by consuming dead matter and waste products |
| Primary Productivity | amount of energy that producers store and make available to other trophic levels |
| Energy Flow? | passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem • Energy enters biotic part of the ecosystem through photosynthesis • CO2+water+light energyenergy storedglucose + oxygen |
| Primary Productivity? | Amount of energy that producers store and make available to other trophic levels |
| • The amount of life an ecosystem can support is determined by the energy captured by the producers | |
| The Transfer of energy between levels is inefficient? | 1. Most of the energy consumbed is used for its own metabolism and converted to heat 2. lost from food web 3. the only energy available to a trophic level is the energy stored in the bodies of the organisms it consumes |
| The loss of energy between levels explains why? | There is a limit to the number of trophic levels possible. |
| Biomagnification | the accumulation of toxic substances in the higher trophic levels. Chemicals that dissolve in fat remain in the animal that ate it. |
| Nutrient Cycling | Energy flows in one direction, chemicals are recycled |
| Nutrient Cycling is... | the continuous movement of nutrients between the biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem. Cycles back and forth between the abiotic reservoir and the biotic |
| Carbon Cycle | • Reservoir = atmosphere (CO2) • Abiotic to biotic via photosynthesis • Returns to reservoir: • Cellular respiration • Detritivores reactions • Burning fossil fuels |
| Nitrogen Cycle | • Plants and animals can’t use when it’s in chemical form, only certain bacteria • Plants obtain from bacteria and animals get it from eating the plants • Nitrogen • Reservoir = atmosphere • Abiotic to biotic via bacteria • Returns to reservoir: |
| Phosphorus Cycle | Found in Rocks Reservoir = Rocks Abiotic to biotic via absorption by plants and small aquatic animals Returns to Reservoir: Detritivores, geological process. |
| Oxygen Cycle | Highly complex, because oxygen reacts so easily. Reservoir = atmosphere as 02 or 03 (ozone) Abiotic to biotic via diffusion and cellular respiration returns to reservoir: photosynthesis as bi product, detritvores |
| Greenhouse effect | 1. gases allow visible light energy to pass through easily 2. light energy is absorbed by planet and converted to heat energy 3. gas layer becoming thicker due to addition to carbon dioxide |
| Where is the excess CO2 coming from? | • Burning fossil fuels (found from organisms that weren’t broken down by Detritivores a long time ago) • Coal, oil (gasoline), natural gas |
| What is deforestation? | It releases carbon from body of trees, and reduces removal of CO2 from the atmospehere via photosynthesis |
| What tools have scientists used to conclude that temperature increases are the result of increased CO2? | 1. Records of earth's past climates 2. Climate models help scientists understand how the climate works 3. careful monitoring the current conditions |
| what happens to CO2 released by burning fossil fuels or forests? | 1. absorbed by oceans 2. enters atmosphere 3. enters terrestrial organisms |
| Why is there an imbalance in the Oxygen Cycle? | Hole in ozone layer in atmosphere |
| Why do we worry about the ozone layer? | The function of the Ozone layer is used to reduce UV radiation Health Problems; cancer cataracts, suppressed immune system. |
| Climate? | Determined or measured by precipitation and temperature 1. precipitation 2. temperature |
| What is precipitation? | when hot air rises and cools; cold air sinks and warms |
| Climate determines the biome? | A type of ecosystem occupying various different areas, and characterized by similar plant adaptations |
| Covergent evolution | when the same traits evolve in different organisms, due to the same selection pressure |
Created by:
KelseyMulcahy
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