Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio112-Final
Final
| Vocabulary | Definition |
|---|---|
| Synapsids | Member of an amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull |
| Amniotic Egg | Provides protection from dessication (shell!) - like an embryo's own private "pond"; provides everything for embryo development; reduces dependence of tetrapods on water |
| Amnion | Protects embryo |
| Allantois | Disposal and respiration |
| Yolk Sac | Nutrient storage |
| Chorion | Respiration |
| Keratin | Becomes main protein in scales/skin/feathers |
| Parareptiles | Oldest group of reptiles, all are extinct |
| Archosaurs | Include extant=crocodilians & birds, extinct dinosaurs and pterosaurs |
| Lepidosaurs | Extant tuataras & squamates (lizards and snakes) |
| Pterosaurs | First flying tetrapods; Different wing design than birds and bats– collagen membrane between hind leg and foreleg (from small sparrows to 36 foot wingspans) |
| Ornithischians | Giant armored herbivores |
| Saurischians | Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores; largest herbivores to live on land; largest carnivore=Tyrannosaurus (bipedal) |
| Dinosaurs | Some endothermic; they are social; nest-building; All dinosaurs except birds extinct 65 mya (end of cretaceous) |
| Plesiosaurs and Ichthyosaurs | (Extinct giant aquatic reptiles two clades) similar to whales and dolphins in that they went from terrestrial to aquatic |
| Tautaras | Lizard-like reptiles |
| Squamates | An order of reptiles that comprises snakes and lizards |
| Theropods | Are bipedal saurischian dinosaurs (including T. rex), the closest reptilian ancestors of birds |
| Ectotherm | Rely primarily on external heat sources; activity depends on temp- low metabolic cost-less food/g wt-restricted to warm environments-can't get very big |
| Endotherm | Rely primarily on internal (metabolic) heat; remain active when hot & cold-can inhabit cold environments-can't get very small-high metabolic cost-more food/g wt |
| Poikilotherm | (Body temperature varies); fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects-colder temp="cold blooded"-great variation in temp-temp controls metabolic rate-variable metabolism-lower metabolism-short bursts of activity-temperature adaptations: behavioral |
| Homeotherm | Maintain relatively constant body temp; birds & mammals-higher temp="warm blooded"-little variation in temp-metabolic rate controls temp-more constant & higher metabolism-maintain higher activity-temp adaptations: physiological,morphological,behavioral |
| Homeostasis | The steady-state physiological condition of the body |
| Sternal Keel | A breastbone in most birds, which anchors the large pectoral muscles |
| Heterodont | Differentiated dentition |
| Monotreme | (Playtpuses and spiny anteaters) are the only living mammals that lay eggs |
| Marsupial | (Opossums, kangaroos, bandicoots, sugar gliders and koalas) contains higher metabolic rates than monotremes-nipples-placenta-birth occurs early in development, rest of development occurs in pouch |
| Eutherian | More complex placentas ("placental mammals")-have longer pregnancy-evolved after marsupials and outcompeted them |
| Xenarthra | Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos |
| Afrotheria | Proboscidea Sirenia Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Afrosoricida (golden moles and tenrecs) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) |
| Supraprimates | Rodentia Lagomorpha Primates Dermoptera (flying lemurs) Scandentia (tree shrews) |
| Laurasiatheria | Carnivora Cetartiodactyla Perissodactyla Chiroptera Eulipotyphla Pholidota (pangolins) |
| Diapsids | Member of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull |
| Phylogeny | The branch of biology that deals with phylogenesis |
| Key Evolutionary Innovation | This resulted in an adaptive radiation; there are two: 1. Flight! Only mammals capable of true flight. 2. Echolocation! Can “see” in complete darkness. |
| Adaptive Radiation | The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches |
| Exaptation | The shift in the purpose of a trait during its evolutionary history |
| Chiroptera | Means "hand-wing" |
| Anatomy | The biological form |
| Physiology | The biological function |
| SA/V ratio | The ration between the surface area and volume; where the surface area/volume decreases as the volume increases |
| Herbivores | Contain teeth with broad ridged surfaces to grind plant material (incisors and canines for biting off vegetation |
| Carnivores | Contain incisors and canines to kill prey and rip flesh (jagged premolars and molars shed food) |
| Omnivores | Contain the adaptation for eating both herbivores and carnivores (incisors for biting, canine for tearing, molars for grinding and crushing) |
| Detritivores | A consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms; a decomposer |
| Ruminants | An animal, such as a cow or a sheep, with an elaborate, multicompartmentalized stomach specialized for an herbivorous diet |
| Non-ruminants | The opposite of ruminants they do not posses specialized adaptations for digesting cellulose |
| Gizzard | A convergent evolution in birds and earthworms; a thick muscular stomach |
| Coprophagy | The eating of feces or drugs |
| Counter-current exchange (gills and temp) | This evolved independently in many organisms, it prevents heat from being lost at the extremities(i.e. fins, legs, ears, etc.); warm arteries carrying blood to the extremity and exchanges warmth to veins carrying blood back to the body |
| Interstital Fluid | The fluid filling the spaces between cells in an animal |
| Heterotherm | Are sometimes endotherm and sometimes ectotherm |
| Epithelial Tissue | Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities as well as external surfaces |
| Connective Tissue | An animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues |
| Muscle Tissue | Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that can contract, either on its own or hem stimulated by nerve impulses |
| Nervous Tissue | Tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells |
| Glial Cells | Supporting cells that are essential for the structural integrity or the nervous system and for the normal functioning of neurons |
| Neurons | A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties tat low it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its plasma membrane |
| Dendrites | One of usually numerous, short, highly branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals form other neurons |
| Endocrine System | Main function is the coordinate of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism) |
| Amino Acids | An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups; serve as monomers of polypeptides |
| Protein | A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure |
| Nitrogen | The basis of amino acids to make proteins, its especially limiting |
| Fatty Acids | A long carbon chain carboxylic acid |
| Vitamins | An organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts; serve as coenzymes or as parts of coenzymes |
| Minerals | In nutrition, a simple nutrient that is inorganic and therefore cannot be synthesized |
| Incisors | Teeth used for biting |
| Canines | Teeth used for ripping/tearing flesh |
| Molars | Teeth used for grinding and crushing |
| Digestion | Is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb |
| Absorption | Is uptake of nutrients by body cells |
| Elimination | Is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment |
| Gastrovascular Cavity | A digestive compartment with a single opening; both digestion and distribution |
| Alimentary Canal | A complete digestive tract |
| Homeostasis | The stead-state physiological condition of the body |
| Negative Feedback Loop | A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change |
| Larynx | The portion of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords; voice box |
| Esophagus | A channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach |
| Trachea | The portion of the respiratory tract that passes from the larynx to the bronchi; windpipe |
| Bronchus | One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs |
| Bronchiole | A fine branch of the bronchi that transports air to alveoli |
| Diaphragm | A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; contraction pulls air into the lungs |
| Alveoli | Any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place |
| Respiratory Pigment | A protein that transports oxygen in blood or hemolymph |
| Hemoglobin | An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen |
| Hemolymph | In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues |
| Single Circulation | A circulatory system consisting of a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart |
| Double Circulation | A circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit |
| 3-Chambered Heart | Amphibians contain this heart; one ventricle and two atrium |
| 4-Chambered Heart | Mammals contain this heart; two ventricle and two atrium |
Created by:
ansecaballero
Popular Biology sets