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BSC2010 Final Review
Biology I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the taxonomy rank? (K.P.C.O.F.G.S.) | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Fungi, Genes, Species |
| What are the steps to Scientific Method? | Observation, Question HYpothesis, Prediction, Experiment. |
| What is the Scientific Method used for? | Review scientific data, formulate hypothesis, experiment and observe to collect data, and evaluate results. |
| What is a Prokaryote Cell? | A bacteria, has no true nucleus, lack many organelles, smaller, have cell walls, and no nucleus membrane. |
| What is a Eukaryote Cell? | Plants, animals, fungi, Protista, membrane bound nucleus well defined, complex organelles, and the cell wall is in plants. |
| What is the Cell Theory? | All cells come from pre-existing cells, Most basic structure-cell, and Two types of cells Prok. and euk. |
| what is Homeostasis? | maintains living system within an acceptable range. ex. when cold you shiver. when your hot you sweat. |
| Feedback | used to regulate function in many biological systems, prevents waster of energy and biochemicals, and helps achieve homeostasis. |
| Positive Feedback | often by inhibiting enzymes |
| Negative Feedback | speeds up its own process |
| What is an atom? | the smallest unit of an element retaining the properties of the element. |
| What are (4) well-known elements? | Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N) |
| What are the commonly found elements in living matter? What percentage? | Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg). 4%. |
| what are neutrons? | an unchanged atom |
| what is a proton? | a positively charged atom |
| what is an atomic nucleus? | an atom, with tightly packed neutrons and protons. |
| What is an electron? | a negatively charged atom |
| What is a covalent bond? | a bond sharing electrons between two atoms can be equal/non-equal (polar/non-polar) |
| What is a polar bond? | charged, soluble in water, equal sharing partial charge |
| what is a non-polar bond? | a not charged bond; when two atoms are identical, the bonding electrons will be shared equally |
| what is an ionic bond? | transfer of electrons, from between atoms with charges |
| What is a Valence bond? | the bonding capacity of an atom. number of electrons needed. |
| What are Valence Electrons? | # of electrons in the in the outermost orbital |
| What are isotopes? | atoms that have slightly different masses but the same chemical behavior |
| What are radioactive isotopes? | Atoms that spontaneously decay, giving off particles and energy |
| What are anions? | negatively charged atom that gained electron |
| What are cations? | atoms that have lost the electron |
| What is Cohesion? | water molecules stick together b/c of partial charge attractions between "H" and "O" |
| What is adhesion? | water molecules clinging of 1 substance to another |
| What is surface tension? | levels of difficult involved in breaking or sketching the surface of liquid |
| What is specific heat? | how water resist temperature change |
| What is Heat of vaporization? | helps moderate earth climate |
| when water expands.. | water freezes: becomes less dense ad floats |
| water is also... | solvent: substances dissolve in it |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | hold DNA together |
| Polar Covalent Bonds? give two examples. | shares electrons, 1 element has more electronegatively. example 1: H2CO |
| what is Organic Chemistry? | the study of carbon compounds |
| What is L-Dopa? | an effective treatment against parkinson's disease |
| What is D-Dopa? | biological inactive, the aid which helped understand parkinson's disease |
| What are amino acids? | the building blocks of proteins |
| what are macromolecules? | AA; polymers, built from monomers |
| what are carbohydrates? | AA; serve as fuel and building materials |
| What are lipids? | AA; fats, diverse group of hydrophilic molecules |
| What are proteins? | Amino Acids |
| What are Nucleic Acids? | AA; which store and transmit hereditary info |
| What doe the protein structure look like? | has 3D structure |
| what is the primary structure? | PS, unique genetically coded sequence of A.A. within a protein |
| what is the secondary structure? | PS, coiling/foiling of the polypeptide backbone |
| what is the quaternary structure? | PS, more than one polypeptide chain |
| what is the tertiary structure? | PS, interactions between the various side chains of the A.A. |
| what are Chaperonins? | proteins that assist other proteins during the folding process |
| What is a Nucleus? | CO; Controls center of the cell, protects DNA |
| what is a chromosome? | CO; organized DNA units in the nucleus |
| what is a Nuclear Membrane? | CO; is a double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. |
| what is a Nucleolus? | CO; a dense structure visible in the non-dividing nucleus, synthesizes ribosomal RNA |
| what is the cytoplasm? | CO; is a thick liquid residing between the cell membrane holding all organelles, except for the nucleus. |
| what are centrioles? | CO; is a barrel-shaped cell structure found in most animal eukaryotic cells, though absent in higher plants and most fungi |
| what is the chloroplast? | CO; capture of light energy, contains pigments, contain green pigment chlorophyll and function in photosynthesis |
| what is the Cytoskeleton (CSK)? | CO; is cellular scaffolding or skeleton contained within the cytoplasm and is made out of protein. |
| what is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)? | CO; s a eukaryotic organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules, vesicles, and cisternae within cells. |
| what is the Golgi Apparatus? | CO; shipping and receiving center; consists of a stack of flattened sacs |
| what is a Lysosome? | CO; are cellular organelles that contain acid hydrolase enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. |
| What is a Mitochondria? | CO; makes (energy) ATP, powerhouse of the cell, many mitochondria in a cell |
| what is a ribosome? | CO; are composed of protein and ribosomal RNA |
| what are vacuoles? | CO; is a membrane-bound organelle, which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some Protista, animal and bacterial cells. |
| what is the cell wall? | CO; a membrane of the cell that forms external to the cell membrane whose main role is to give cells rigidity, strength and protection against mechanical stress. |
| where is the cell wall found? | It is found in cells of plants, bacteria, Achaea, fungi, and algae. |
| where is the cell wall not found? | Animals and most Protista do not have cell walls. |
| what is the plasma membrane? | CO; the cell’s outer membrane made up of a two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins. It separates the contents of the cell from its outside environment, and it regulates what enters and exits the cell. |
| what is diffusion transport? | solve moves from high to low with out help |
| what is facilitative transport? | solve moves from high to low with help of proteins |
| what is an active transport? | solves from low to high with help ATP |
| what is osmosis transport? | more H2O from high to low |
| what is uniport? | 1 substance, 1 direction |
| what is symport? | 2 substance, 1 direction |
| what is antiport? | 2 substance, opposite direction |
| what is aquaport? | transport of water |
| what is tight? | CJ; restricts movement |
| what is Gap/Community? | CJ; lets many things though |
| what is anchoring? | CJ; joins the two cells togther |
| What is hypertonic? | more soluble than water |
| what is hypotonic? | more water than solute |
| what is isotonic? | neither gain or loss (equal) |
| what is delta G? | free energy |
| whats is negative delta G? | have energy |
| whats is positive delta G? | needs energy |
| what is an enzyme? | end in -ase, act as a catalyst, lower activation energy without change delta G "starts a rxn" |
| what is catabolic? | break down |
| what is anabolic? | builds up rxn |
| what is oxidation? | loss of electrons to another substance |
| what is reduction? | addition of electrons to another substance |
| what is cellular metabolism? | totality of the chemical rxn in living organisms |
| what is chloroplast? | sites of photosynthesis in plants |
| what is the Grauna? | stacked thylakoid sacs within a chloroplast |
| What is the Stroma? | dense fluid within a chloroplast (spaces) |
| what is light rxn? | thylakoid, H2O goes in -> NADHP & ATP out |
| What is dark rxn? | stroma, CO2, NADPH, ATP goes in sugar comes out. A.K.A. Calvin Cycle. |
| what are thylakoids? | elaborate membrane (chloroplast) |
| What is Mitosis? | the division of the nucleus |
| What are the stages of Mitosis? | PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis |
| What is prophase? | nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form, DNA cells condense |
| What is metaphase? | chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach |
| what is anaphase? | sister chomatids separate |
| what is telophase? | nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis(occurs) = "division of the cytoplasm" |
| what is the cell cycle? | creation of a new cell by the division of its parent cell to its own division into 2 cells |
| what is p53? | "Guardian Genome", a tumor supressor, controls cell suicide |
| what is Meiosis? | special type of cell division that halves the chromosome # and process haploid set of chromosomes to each gamete |
| what does Meiosis I consist of? | Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I |
| what does Meiosis II do and consist of? | looks like a regular music division: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II |
| what is Synapsis? | Prophase I, where homologous chromosomes are held together along their length |
| What is Crossing Over? | genetic material rearranged between nonsister chromatids |
| What is a virus? | infectious particle consistency of a genome of DNA/RNA in a protein caspid and sometimes a membrane envelope divided from the host |
| What is a caspid? | virus, protein shell that encloses the viral genome |
| what is virulent? | cycle, virus that reduces only by a lytic cycle |
| What is lysogenic? | a virus reproduces its genome without killing the host |
| what is lytic? | cycle, a type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death/lysis of host cell |
| what is a retrovirus? | RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA to DNA and inserting DNA into cellular chromosome |
| what is a viroid? | a very small infectious agents that may be linked to several degeneration brain diseases, ie. mad cow disease |
| what is temperate phage? | can reproduce by lytic and lysogenic cycles |
| what is conjugation? | direct transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells joined by a conjugation take |
| what is transformation? | a process which absorb DNA from the environment |
| what is transduction? | a process which phages carry bacterial DNA from bacteria to bacteria |
| what is a prion? | misfolded brain protein, mad cow’s disease |
| what is reverse transcriptase? | makes use of RNa molecule as a template for the synthesis of complementary DNA strand |
| what is transcription? | is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA |
| what is translation? | is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide (Protein) |
| what is an exon? | a coded region |
| what is an intron? | a non-coded region |
| what is a codon? | A set of three adjacent nucleotides, also called triplet, in mRNA that base-pair with the corresponding anticodon of tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid, hence, specifying the type and sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis. |
| what is an anticodon? | A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of tRNA. It bounds to the complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in mRNA during translation phase of protein synthesis. |
| what is a code? | The genetic code is the correspondence between the triplet of bases in dna with the amino acids. |
| what is a barr body? | The small, dark-staining mass of inactive X chromosome within the nucleus of non-dividing cell. [female] |
| what is SRY? | An abbreviation for Sex-determining Region Y gene [male] |
| what is sex-linked? | Pertaining to a gene located in the sex chromosome (especially an X chromosome), Pertaining to a character or trait determined by gene(s) located in the sex chromosome(s). |
| what is Down’s Syndrome: ? | a congenital disorder in which a person is born with three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). |
| what is Robertsonian translocation? | translocation of chromosomes 14+21 |
| what is Non-disjunction? | DS, meiosis, chromosomes fail to separate, anaphase |
| what are nucleotides? | A protein; The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base (C, G, A, T), a sugar, and a phosphate group. |
| Describe the DNA structure. | composed of 2 strands that twist together to form a helix. Each strand consists of alternating phosphate (PO4) and pentose sugar, and attached on the sugar is a nitrogenous base, which can be A, T, G, or C. Hence, DNA is a ladder-like helical structure. |
| what is DNA synthesis? | The linking together of nucleotides (as deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates) to form dna. |
| Who is Charles Darwin? | naturalist in the boat, and a companion to the captain |
| What are Darwin's Ideas? | Wrote origin of species in 1859. Descent with modification: All organisms are related with a common ancestor, When they wen tot different habitats that evolved different. Natural selection. he believed in Gradualist: over time things would grow |
| What is Darwin's 1st Theory? | “Two population of a species isolated different environment diverged as they adapted to local conditions” |
| What is Darwin's 2nd Theory? | “that over many generations, that the two populations become similar enough to be considered separate species” |
| Who is Lamark? | The more you use certain body parts the bigger they become (proven false). |
| what is natural selection? | A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic characteristics that adjusted to an environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in #, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate essential genotypic qualities to pass on. |
| Describes Darwin's boating Voyage. | Darwin sailed on the HMS beagle: purpose was to chart the poorly known S. American coastline |
| what is the advantage of sickle cell? | prevents the victim from catching malaria |
| Hardy-Weinberg: | Genotype Equation: P2 + 2pq + Q2 = 1 Allele Equation: P + Q = 1 Non-evolving (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) |
| what is population? | a group of the same species in line the same area |
| what is species? | a groups of populations that have the ability to interbreed |
| what is gene pool? | all of the genes in a population at anyone time |
| what is genetic drift? | small populations – less than 100 |
| what is genetic variation? | percent of your loci that are heterozygous |
| what is directional selection? | everything evolving towards one extreme |
| what is stabilizing selection? | evolving towards middle |
| what is p2? | homozygous dominant |
| what is 2pq? | heterozygous |
| what is q2? | homozygous recessive |
| what is p? | dominant allele |
| what is q? | recessive allele |
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