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Science StudyGuide 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stress | a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume |
| What are the 3 different types of stress that can occur in the crust? | Tension, Compression, and Shearing |
| What do the 3 types of stress do to rocks? | over millions of years there is a change in shape and volume of the rock. |
| tension | streches rock so it will be thinner in the middle |
| In tention the 2 plates move____________ from each other. | apart |
| compression | squeezes rock until it folds or breaks. |
| In compression the 2 plates move___________. | together |
| shearing | a stress that pushes masses of rocks in opposite directions in a sideways movement |
| In shearing the 2 plates move____________ each other | against |
| What are the 3 main types of faults? | normal fault, reverse fault, and strike slip fault |
| hanging wall | the block of rock that forms the upper half of the fault |
| footwall | The block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault. |
| normal fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slide downward caused because of the tension in the crust. |
| A normal fault occurs when plates __________. | come apart |
| reverse fault | a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward caued by compression in the crust |
| A reverse fault occurs when plates__________. | come together |
| strike slip fault | a fault in which rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up and downn movement. |
| A strike slip fault occurs when plates ___________. | slide past each other |
| anticlyn | a fold in rock that bends upward into an arch |
| syncline | a fold in rock that bends downward to form a valley |
| plateau | a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level. |
| earthquake | the shaking and trembling that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface |
| focus | the area beneath Earh's surface where rock that is under stress breaks trigering an earthquake |
| epicenter | the point on the surface directly above the focus |
| What are the 3 main categories of waves? | p waves, s waves, and surface waves |
| What 2 waves are sent from the focus? | p waves ands waves (surface waves develop when other 2 waves get to epicenter) |
| Primary waves (p waves) | a type of siesmic wave that compresses and expands the ground. they are the first waves to arrive. |
| Secondary waves (s waves) | a type of siesmic waves that move the ground up and down or side to side. The second waves to arrive. |
| Surface waves | a type of siesmic wave that forms when pwaves and s waves reach the Earth's surface. Goes slower than p and s waves but has lot of damage |
| What are the 3 scales commonly used to measure earthquakes? | Mercalli, richter, and moment magnitude scale |
| Mercalli Scale | rates earthquake according to the level of damagec |
| magnitude | the number tht geologists assign to an earthquake based on its size |
| Richter Scale | a rating of an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of the siesmic waves |
| siesmograph | a device that records ground movement caused by seismic waves as they move through the Earth |
| Moment Magnnitude Scale | a rating system that estimates total energy released by an earthquake |
| Geologists can use ______________ to locate an earthquakes epicenter. | siesmic waves |
| siesmogram | The record of an earthquuake's siesmic waves produced by a siesmograph |
| The bigger the lines are on a siesmogram the ........ | bigger the earthquake. |
| The 4 instruments used to moniter faults are | tiltmeters, creepmeters, laser ranging device, GPS satelites |
| tiltmeters | measure vertical movement, there are 2 bulbs filled with water and when land moves water will move from 1 bulb to the other |
| creepmeter | measures horizontal movement, there is a wieght and when and moves weight moves. |
| laser ranging device | measures horizontal movement, ther is a laser and it has a reflectoron the other side of the fault, they time each reflection and if it chnged it means the fault moved |
| GPS satelites | measures horizontal movement, find tiny markers if moved fault moved |
| scientists are trying to use data from siesmographs to _________________ | predict future earthquakes |
| friction | the force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface |
| some earthquake damage is | shaking, liquefaction, aftershocks, and tsunamis |
| shaking can produce | landslides and avalanches |
| loose soil shakes more _____________ than solid rock. | violently |
| liquefaction | when an earthquake shakes so hard that it turns soil into liquid mud. |
| aftershock | an earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake in the same area. |
| tsunamis | a large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor. |
| the best way to protecct yourself during an earthquake is to | drop, cover and hold |
| base isolated buildings | designed to reduce the amount of energy that reaches a building during an earthquake using rubber pads and springs. |
| most dangerous thing in an earthquake is | flying glass and falling objects |
Created by:
AartiM
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