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The Cpl Felter Sucks
urinary repro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| term for lack of urine | Anuria |
| term for stone, usually composed of mineral salts | Calculus |
| term for hollow, lighted instrument used for visual examination of the urinary bladder. | cystoscope |
| term for increased production of urine | diuresis |
| term for painful urination | dysuria |
| term for blood in urine | hematuria |
| organs that remove substances from the blood, form urine, and help regulate various metabolic functions. | kidneys |
| another term for urination | Micturation |
| what is the functional unit of the kidney | nephron |
| term for presence of urine contents in blood | uremia |
| what are the tubular structures that transport urine away from the kidney to the bladder. | ureters |
| this serves as a urine reservoir | urinary bladder |
| what is the tubular structure that transports urine from bladder out of the body | urethra |
| this hormone that stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions and water | aldosterone |
| what is the hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating reabsorption of water | anti diuretic hormone (ADH) |
| What is a Nephron | the functional unit of the kidney |
| What is the location of the kidneys? | Positioned between T12 and L3, retroperitoneal, against the deep back muscles. This is about the level of your elbows. two reddish bean shapes |
| what is difference in the position of the left and right kidney? | The left kidney is slightly higher than the right due to the large space occupied by the liver on the right side. |
| what is the tightly coiled capillary network surrounded by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. (only place in the body where blood flows from a capillary to an artery.) | glomerulus |
| a thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus and receives the glomerular filtrate and gives rise to the renal tubule | Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule |
| How much cardiac output is supplied to the kidneys by the left and right renal arteries, each minute? | 15-30% about 1200ml per min |
| Urine formation involves three processes | Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion |
| What is the function of the kidneys? | form urine, regulates metabolic functions, eliminates waste, removes substances from the blood, BP regulation, Regulation of RBC's, Fluids + electrolyes balance, acid base balance, urine production/excretion |
| What are the dimensions of the kidneys? | about the size of your fists, length 12cm, width 6cm, thickness 3cm |
| what is the outer reddish area of tissue which forms a shell around the medulla of the kidney called? | the renal cortex |
| what is the cortical tissue called that is between the medullary pyramids? | renal columns |
| what is described at the inner region located between the renal pelvis, and the outer cortex, composed of cone-shaped structures called renal pyramids? | the medulla |
| these triangle structures give the medulla its striated appeareance. | the renal pyramids` |
| what causes the striated appearance in the renal pyramids? | a collection of straight tubules and blood vessels |
| this is a cavity within the kdiney which houses the renal pyramid. Nerves and blood vessels pass into this. | the renal sinus |
| What do nerves and blood vessels pass through to get to the renal sinus? | the hilus |
| urine is collected in this structure, it has subdivisions known as calyces, urine is emptied into the ureters from this. | the renal pelvis |
| What are the distal ends of the renal pyramids called? | renal papillae |
| what are the subdivisions of the renal pelvis? and how many of the subdivisions are there? | the major calyces 2-3, and minor calyces which contain several |
| the primary organ of the urinary system is the? | kidney |
| what is the functional unit of a kidney? | the nephron |
| how many nephrons are there per kidney? | approximately one million |
| what are the general structures of the nephron? | renal corpuscle and the renal tubule |
| what are the functions of nephrons? | waste elimintation, BP regulation, regulation of RBC, urine production and excretion, acid base balance, fluid electrolyte balance |
| what comes from the kidney that stimulates the regulation and production of RBC's. | erythropoietin |
| what substance comes from the kidney to help BP regulation? | renin |
| what is the inital site of urine production in the kidney? | the renal corpuscle |
| what structures make up the renal corpuscle | the glomerulus and the bowmans capsule (glomerular capsule) |
| this is a tighlt coiled capillary network surrounded by the bowmans capsule, only place in the body where blood flows from capillary to an artery. | the glomerulus |
| What does the juxtaglomerular aparatus do? | contains cells that secrete renin in response to low renal pressure |
| what does renin do? | helps to constrict blood vessels, increases the secretion of ADH and aldosterone, and stimulates the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex, each leading to an increase in blood pressure. |
| this is a thing walled sac like structure that surrounds the glomerulus, receives the glomerular filtrate and gives rise to the renal tubule. | bowmans capsule (glomerular capsule) |
| this is a highly coiled portion of the RENAL TUBULE that leads away from the bowmans capsule, it is abundant with mitochondira to support active transport. it connects to the descending loop of henle | PCT procimal convoluted tubule |
| what is another name for a nephron loop? | loop of henle |
| this structure in the renal tubule has a straight portion leading from the PCT known as the descending limb, and has an ascending limb leading to the DCT | loop of henle |
| this is a highly coiled segment of the renal tubule that extends from the ascending limb of the loop of henle and continues to the collecting duct | DCT distal convoluted tubule |
| this is a straight segment of the renal tubule, formed from several DCT's carries filtrate from the cortex to the minor calyx | collecting duct |
| in the nephron filtrate thta leaves the bowmans capsule then enters the? | PCT proximal convoluted tubule |
| where does the blood supply for the kidneys come from? | the right and left renal arteries |
| what is located between the renal pyramids | renal columns |
| what is filtrate? | filtrate is essentially plasma minus the proteins, wbcs, and rbcs |
| what cell releases renin? | the macula densa |
| what is the first step in the production of urine? | glomerular filtration |
| how are fluids and dissolved substances forced out the the glomerulus? | by the hyrdostatic pressure of the blood flowing through it, the glomerular capillaries are highly permeable |
| why is the afferent arteriole into the renal corpuscle larger than the efferent? | it is designed to increase the pressure to assist with filtration in the glomerulus |
| where does tubular reabsorption occur? | throughout the renal tubule, responsible for most of the changes in fluid concentration as filtrate is converted to urine |
| where does most reabsorption occur? | the PCT, epithelial cells contain microvilli |
| what is absorbed in the PCT? | all of the glucose, and all but trace amino acids, 70% of sodium ions through active transport. |
| how is water rebasorbed in the renal tubule? | osmosis effect following the sodium |
| what occurs in the loop of henle? | active reabsorption of sodium continues |
| what is absorbed by the DCT? | continued active reabsorption of sodium, usually impermeable to water except when under the influence of specific hormones |
| what are the vessels that surround the renal tubule called? | peritubular capillaries |
| what is tubular secretion? | the process of moving substances into the tubular filtrate from the blood in the peritubular capillaries, removal of excess or harmful substances |
| In the process of secretion what type of transport takes place? | active for many substances, however potatssium may be passive when sodium is actively absorbed |
| what is the average adult filtration rate | 125ml per minute |
| how much urine is expected to be produced every hour? | 30 ml, 1 ounce |
| what are the two main hormones in urine formation | aldosterone and ADH |
| what is aldosterone? | minerlcorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex, responds to decreasing sodium, aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium in the DCT thus causing secretion of K+, helps retain water |
| what is ADH | released by anterior pituitary, causes increased abosrption of water in the DCT and collecting ducts making them permeable to water, results in decreased urine volume, and increased urine concentration, restricts fluid loss when in danger of dehydration |
| what is the composition of urine and how much of it is made per day? | its about 95% water, contains urea and uric acid, and several other minerals. 0.6-2.5 liters made per day, influenced by fluid intake, environment, and humidity |
| in urinary tubule reabsorption how do the molecules move? | from the tubule into the blood |
| what is a term for a scanty (little) amount of urine? | oliguria |
| you have one of the per kidney they are about 25cm long and they enter the bladder, moves by peristaltic contractions | ureters |
| where do the ureters enter the bladder? | at the trigone posteriorally |
| this is a hollow muscular organ, its shape depends on its volume, continues to connect to the urethra | urinary bladder |
| what is the muscular layer of the bladder called? and what does it form? | the detrusor muscle, forms the internal urethral sphincter |
| this is a tube leading from the trigone of the bladder, its walls contains mucous glands that secrete mucous. it allows urine to exit the body | urethra |
| what is micturition? | emptying the bladder |
| what happens during micturition | contraction of detrusor muscle involuntarily by a reflex, this is stimulated when the bladder is stretched out as urine collects, relaxation of the external urethral sphincter |
| where is the micturition reflex center located? and how does it react? | located in the sacral spinal cord, it responds to stretch receptors in the bladder, resulting in urge to piss |
| which part of the autonomic nervous system contracts the detrusor muscle in micturition? | the parasympathetic nervous system, the contraction increases with urine volume and bladder pressure |
| at approximately what volume of urine does the micturition reflex occur? what is considered an uncomfortable volume? | 150 ml reflex, uncomfortable with a volume of 300 ml or more |
| what sphincters need to be relaxed in order for micturition to take place? which sphincter is considered the second reflex? | the internal and external urethral sphincters, the external urethral sphincter is the second reflex |
| the control of urination is aided by which nerve centers? | cerebral cortex, brain stem. Override the voluntary control when bladder is sufficiently full |
| what are organized structures of DNA and proteins that are found in cells? | chromosomes |
| in women, this helps control the menstrual cycle and development of eggs by the ovaries, in men this helps control sperm production | FSH follicle stimulating hormone |
| what is a term for sex cell (example ova, spermatazoa) | gamete |
| this substance in the female when it acutely rises will trigger ovulation, in the male it stimulates production of testosterone | luteinizing hormone LH |
| what is another name for LH in men | interstitial cell stimulating hormone ICSH |
| a type of cell division by which germ cells (eggs and sperm) are produced, involves a reduction in the amount of genetic material | meiosis |
| process by which a cell duplicates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus in order to generate two identical daughter nuclei | mitosis |
| term for the creation of an ovum | oogenesis |
| this occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovary | ovulation |
| this is the process by which male spermatogonia develop into mature spermatazoa | spermatogenesis |
| this is a cell that is the result of fertilization | zygote |
| what is the males primary sex organ and what does it do? | the gonads (testes), produces sperm and sex hormones (testosterone) |
| describe the location and some features of the testes | paired bilat ovoid shaped, 3.8 cm long, 2.6 cm wide. suspended by spermatic cord within the scrotum. environment is 3 degrees cooler than body temp. |
| what is the tough fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes and how many seminiferous tubules do the testes contain? | the capsule is called the tunica albuginea, the testes contain 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules |
| this strucutre is highly coiled, its line with epithelial cells to include spermatogenic cells, sperm is produced here | seminiferous tubules |
| these are specialized cells between the seminiferous tubules, what do they special cells secrete? | interstitial cells, they secrete testosterone |
| what is the precursor to sperm cells? | spermatogenic cells |
| how long does a man produce sperm, and how long does it take for sperm to mature? | sperm creation starts at puberty (age 10), sperm maturation takes 64 days |
| where does sperm maturation take place? | seminiferous tubules and the epididymis |
| what do spermatogonia grow and develop into? | primary spermatocytes |
| what process does primary spermatocytes undergo, this process results in how many of what? | primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis, results in 4 spermatatids |
| what do spermatids transform into? and how many chromosomes do they contain? | mature spermatozoa (sperm) they contain 23 chromosomes |
| what are the four main components of a sperm cell and what do they do? | the head, contains the nucleus which houses the dna, it also containes an acrosome covering which has enzymes that allow it to enter the ovum, the midpiece contains mitochondria to power the fail (flagellum) |
| what does the midpiece of sperm contain? | consists of a filamentous core, contains mitochondria which provides energy in ATP to support tail lashing movement |
| what is the tail of sperm called and what does it do? | flagellum, propels the sperm |
| describe the epididymis | 20 ft coiled tube, emerges from top of testes, leads to vas deferens, stores sperm until they mature |
| describe the vas deferenes | muscular tube, peristalsis transports sperm, ends behind bladder, joins seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct |
| describe the seminal vesicle | convoluted pouch like 5cm, attached to vas deferenes, secretes yellow alkaline fructose rich fluid, accounts for 60% semen volume, nourishes sperm |
| what reproductive strucute is doughnut shaped, walnut sized, surrounds urethra below the bladder, secretes a thin milky alkaline fluid which neutralizes semen, accounts for 30% of volume, enhances sperm motility | the prostate gland |
| this is located below the prostate gland, forms pre ejaculate, secretes mucus like fluid, prepare penis for intercourse, less than 5% of seminal fluid | bulbourethtral glands, cowpers glands |
| what makes up semen, whats its volume, how many sperm are in semen and whats its ph? | made of sperm and secretions from, prostate, bulbourethral and seminal vesicles, ph is 7.8-8, volume is 2-5 ml per ejaculation, 120 million sperm per ml, contains nutrients and prostaglands for sperm survival and movement |
| this is a pouch of skin, has two seperate chambers divided by a septum, hangs posterior to penis | scrotum |
| this is the organ of copulation, cylindrical, conveys urine and semen through the urethra, becomes erect | penis |
| what main two parts makeup the penis | the body (shaft) and the glands (head) |
| what are the columns in the shaft, how many of each are there and what do they do? | corpora cavernosa two dorsally located, corpus spongiosum one surrounds urethra and forms glans penis, they become erect |
| this is located at the distal end of the penis, has sensory receptors for sexual stimulation | the glans penis |
| what is the loose fold of skin around the glans penis? | foreskin/prepuce |
| what is the male androgens and some other androgens? where are the produced? | testosterone; testes. LH and FSH anterior pituitary gland |
| the male body is reproductively immature prior to what year of age? | 10 |
| what are gonadotropins? | FSH and LH |
| what stimluates the release of gonadotropins | GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) released by the hypothatlamus |
| what does FSH do? | causes supporting cells to respond, stimulates spermatogensis with the support of testosterone |
| what does ICSH do? | stimulates developments of interstitial cells which secrete the male sex hormone testosterone |
| what are male sex hormones called? | androgens |
| testosterone production ceases when? when does it start again? | ceases after birth, begins at puberty and continues throughout life |
| what is responsible for the development and maintenance of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics? | tesosterone |
| what are secondary sex charecteristics in men? | body hair, deepening voice, thickening skin, muscular development |
| what are the female gonads/primary sex organs | ovaries |
| what is the function of the ovaries? | to produce ova, also produces sex hormones estrogen and progesterone |
| these are about 3gm in weight, resemble large almonds, located on each side of the uterus | ovaries |
| during prenatal development, a million of these are formed in a female | primodial (ovarian) follicles |
| what makes up a primodial (ovarian) follicle? | they consist of a primary oocyte the immature stage of the sex cell, and theyre surrounded by several follicular cells |
| how many eggs does a female create in her lifetime, how many are present at puberty, how many eggs are released during a females reproductive life? | women dont create new eggs they are born with all they will have, 400,000 present at puberty, less than 350-500 are released during a females reproductive life |
| what is oogenesis? | egg cell formation, at puberty some primary oocyes undergo meiosis going from 46-23 chromosomes |
| an ova or ovum can be fertilized to produce what? | a zygote |
| what does FSH do for a female at puberty? | stimulates the ovaries to enlarge, and the primordial follices mature into primary follices |
| how many primordial follices can begin maturing at one time? | 20, but only 1 fully develops and matures |
| what does LH do in a woman? | weakens the follicular wall causes it to rupture, oocyte is released by ovaries |
| this extends laterally from the uterus, lined with cilia, forms a funnel near the ovary | uterine tube |
| what is the name for the funnel near the ovary | infundibulum |
| what are the finger like projections near the ovary and what do they do? | they are fimbriae and they pull the ovum into the infundibulum (uterine tube) |
| what moves the egg to the uterus? | cilia and peristaltic contractions |
| this is a muscular hollow organ composed of a body, and cervix, made of three layers | the uterus |
| how much of the uterus is the body and what does it include? | 2/3 includes the fundus |
| how much of the uterus is the cervix? | 1/3 |
| what are the three layers of the uterus? | endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
| this is the inner mucosal layer of the uterus that sheds during menstruation | endometrium |
| this is the middle thick muscular layer of the uters, has large bundles of smooth muscle fibers, undergoes extreme changes during pregnancy and reproductive cycle | myometrium |
| this is the outer serosal layer of the uterus, covers the body and part of the cervix | perimetrium |
| this is a fibromuscular duct that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body | vagina |
| what are the functions of the vagina? | receives the penis, conveys uterine secretion, transports offspring during birth |
| these are rounded folds of fatty tissue and muscle, anterior end forms the mons pubis | labia majora |
| these are flattened longitudinal folds, lies between the labia majora, forms a hood like covering around the clitoris | labia minora |
| this is a small projection at the anterior end of the vulva, corresponds to the male penis in that its made of erectile tissue and sensory nerves | clitoris |
| this is the space between the labie minora that contains some orifices | vetibule |
| what is the gland that secretes mucus in the vestibule area? | vestibular gland |
| the female body remains reproductively immature until what year of age? | 8-10, when GnRH is released from the hypothalamus |
| what are the two major types of female sex hormones | estrogen and progesterone |
| estrogen is produced where? | ovaries |
| what helps the development of accessory organs in females; interal/external repro structures | estrogen |
| what helps develop secondary sex characteristics in females? and what are those characterisitcs? | estrogen, breast development, adipose tissue disposition |
| where is progesteron produced? | corpus luteum |
| what does progesterone do? | promotes changes in the uterus during the reproductive cycles, influences mammary glands |
| around what age does the menstrual cycle begin? what is the first one called? how long does it last? | age 13, called menarche, about 28 day duration |
| what are three major types of changes in the menstrual cycle | hormonal, endometrial, ovulatory |
| maturing follicular cells secrete what that causes the endometrium to thicken? | estrogen |
| around what day does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle | day 14 |
| when the egg is released from the ovary where does it go first | abdominal cavity |
| this secretes large amounts of estrogen and progesterone in the 2nd half of the menstrual cycle? what is the purpose behind this? | corpus lutem releases the hormones, they inhibit the release of LH and FSH which prevent follices from developing (eggs) |
| what causes the endometrium to become more vascular? and whats the purpose to this? | progesterone, creates an environment for the embryo development |
| when does the corpus luteum degenerate? what causes it? and what results from it? | degens 24th day, unfertilized egg causes it, degeneration causes decline in estrogen/progesterone levels |
| what happens during the menstrual flow and when does it start? | blood vessels constrict, reduces oxygen and nutrients, lining sloughs off, 1st day of cycle |
| what happens in menopause and when does it occur? | aging of ovaries, follicles no longer mature, no ovulation, estrogen levels drop, occurs late 40s early 50s |
| these specialize in milk production, lies over pectoral muscle | mammary glands |
| describe the mammary glands | lobes contain alveolar glands/lactiferous ducts they exit the nipple, seperated by aidpose tissue |
| what stimulates milk production | prolactin PRL |
| this is a process by which molecules spread from areas of high conecntration to low | diffusion |
| compouns when place in water sepratae into postively and negativles charged particles called ions | electrolyte |
| fluid outside the cells includes plasma and interstitial fluid | ECF extracellular fluid |
| pressure exerted by fluids, blood pressure | hyrdostatic pressure |
| a soluction with a high level of salt than is found in a living red blood cell, above 0.9% NaCl, draws water from other areas by osmosis | hypertonic solution |
| a solution is dilute, contains lower level of salt than is found in a living red blood cell, below 0.9% NaCl, will release water out of it | hypotonic solution |
| circulatory failure caused by a drop in blood volume that causes blood pressure to drop, low volume of blood | hypovolemic shock |
| an extracellular fluid that fills the spaces between most cells of the body and provides a substantial part of the liquid environment of the body | IF interstitial fluid |
| fluid loacted within the cells, largest fluid compartment | ICF intracellular fluid |
| blood plasma, or the fluid in the circulatory system, which includes the heart and bloods vessels | intravascular fluid |
| a solution that has the same salt concentration as the normal cells of the body and the blood | isotonic |
| movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane | osmosis |
| amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis; a solutions potetntial pressure caused by nondiffusible solute particles in the solution | osmotic pressure |
| portion of the extracellular fluid, including the fluid within special body cavities, examples are gastrointetinal, cerebrospinal, ocular, joint fluid and blader urine | transcellular fluid |
| what is the most abundant body compound? | water |
| what is the average body water volume? and what is it based on? | 40L, based on healthy, non obese, 70kg male |
| what is the body weight in water of a newborn? | 80% |
| what is the body weight in water for a male and female? | 60% male, 50% female |
| what are some causes of variation in total body water | total weight, fat content, sex, age: newborn, elderly |
| what are the two major fluid compartments? | ICF and ECF (intracellular and extracellular fluid) |
| this fluid compart is the largest, located inside cells, serves as solvent to facilitate chemical reactions | ICF intracellular fluid |
| what are the types of ECF extracellular fluid | interstitital, transcellular, plasma (intravascular) |
| this is called the internal environment of the body it surrounds cells and transports substances to and from them | ECF extracellular fluid |
| also known as intravascular fluid, its the non cellular portion of blood, higher protein content that interstitial fluid or lymph | plasma |
| fluid that is located in the tissue spaces between the calles with a lower relative osmote pressure than plasma is called | IF interstitial fluid |
| what is separated from other extracellular fluid by a layer of epithelium (CSF, aqueous humor, synovial etc) | transcellular fluid |
| this term refers to the osmotic pressure of any solution relative to the osmotic pressure of plasma | tonicity |
| what will hypotonic solutions do to cells? | cause them to swell and eventually burst (hemolyze) |
| what will hypertonic soluctions do to cells? | it will shrink them (crenate) |
| what is constantly forcing fluids from plasma through the capillary membrane into the interstitial fluid? | hydrostatic pressure |
| this is known as the amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis | osmotic pressure |
| what happens to ECF during dehydration | becomes hypertonic |
| what happens to the ECF in water intoxication (hyperhydration)? | becomes hypotonic |
| what makes up our water intake? | consuming liquids or moist foods approx 2400 ml/day, oxidative metabolism produces some water |
| what is the primary regulator of water intake? | thirst |
| what inhibits thirst | stomach distention (stretch receptors) |
| how is water lost | urine, feces, sweat, evaporation from skin and lungs |
| what regulates water output | DCT and collectings ducts of nephrons |
| what are sign and symptoms of dehydration and what is the treatment | excess sweating, prolonged deprivation of water, prolonged vomiting and diarrhea, to treat replace lost water and electrolytes |
| what are some signs and symptoms of water intoxication and how is it treated? | abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, treat with water restriction and hypertonic salts solution |
| this condition is an abnormal accumulation of ECF within the interstitial spaces | edema |
| what are some signs and symptoms of edema and what is the treatment | low plasma protein concentration, obstruction of lymphatic vessels, increased venous pressure, inflammation, treat with diuretics |
| what are the important ions in electrolyte balance and how do we get them | sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, bicarbonate, and hydrogen obtained in foods and beverages, or as by products of metabolic processes |
| how are electrolytes lost? | perspiration, feces, and urine; quantity lost varies with temp and physical exercise |
| which electrolytes concentrations are particularly important? | sodium, potassium, calcium |
| what is the most abundant extracellular cation it also creates the majority of osmotic pressure | sodium |
| sodium balance is regulated by the hormone | aldosterone |
| aldosterone is secreted by _____ and acts on the _____ to case ______ of sodium | adrenal cortex, kidneys, reabsorption |
| whats the most abundant cation in ICF | potassium |
| how is potassium balance controlled? | indirectly by aldosterone due to the relationship with sodium |
| what is the most abundant ion in the body? | calcium |
| what is calcium regulated by? | parathyroid hormone and calcitonin |
| where is calcium found in the body? | 98% skeleton and teeth, secondarily found in ECF |
| what is primarily an intracellular cation that is also found in bone? | magnesium |
| what is the major extracellular anion that diffuses easily between EFC and IFC | chloride |
| what is predominantly an extracellular anion that is important in acid/base | bicarbonate |
| this is principally an intracellular electrolyes but found most abundantly in the bones, with the remainder combined with lipids, proteins, carbs, and ATP | phosphate |
| a condition meaning lower than normal blood Na+ | hyponatremia |
| a condition meaning higher than normal bloom sodium levels | hypernatremia |
| a condition meaning lower than normal levels of potassium | hypokalemia |
| what are the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment for hypokalemia? | caused by; vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, excess aldosterone, high sodium intake. signs and symptoms; cramps, nausea, increase urine out, and EKG changes. treat with potassium chloride |
| a condition meaning higher than normal levels of potassium | hyperkalemia |
| what are the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment for hyperkalemia | causes; low aldosterone, excessive ingestion, or renal disease, sign and symptoms; irritability/anxiety, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, possible heart fibrillation, treat by administer kayexalate and decrease foods high in potassium |
| what are some indications for a urinary catheterization | urinary retention, monitoring I & O s, bladder unable to drain itself, measure residual urine in bladder, obtaining uncontaminated urine specimens, dilation of urethra strictures |
| what are the contraindications for a urinary catheter | acute urethral or prostate infections, urethral disruption due to pelvic trauma |
| urinary catheters come varying in these sizes | 8-30 french, large number larger diameter |
| whats the average size for adults non retention catheters | 14-16 french |
| what is the average size of indwelling foley catheters? | 16-18 french |
| How much fluid is in the intracelluar space, plasma and interstitial space | 25L intracellular, 3L plasma, 12L interstitial |
| what position should a male be in for a catheter insertion? | supine with legs extended |
| what position should a female be in for a catheter insertion? | dorsal recumbent with knees flexed, soles of feet on the bed about two feet apart |
| which side of the bed should you stand on when inserting a catheter? | left side of bed if right handed, right side of bed if left handed |
| what should you do with the catheter balloon before insertion? | test it with 5ml of sterile water, if it leaks retrieve a new one, draw water back into syringe |
| how should the vagina be cleansed prior to catheter insertion? | spread labia with index and thumb of non dominant hand, cleanse from clitoris to anus using a different swab each time, first right of meatus then left, then down the center |
| how should the penis be cleansed prior to catherter insertion? | retract foreskin if needed with non dominant hand, grasp penis below the glans on the shaft, cleanse in a circular motion, repeat two more times using a different swab |
| during catheter insertion is the male has an erection what should you do? | discontinue the procedure momentarily |
| how far should the catheter be inserted in males and females? | 7-8 inches for a male, 2-3 inches for a female |
| where should you tape the catheter on a male and a female? | male tape to top of thigh, female tape to inner thigh |
| whats the important information to document after a catheter insertion? | date, time, size of catheter, urine description |
| what are the signs and symptoms of a UTI | fever, chills, back or flank pain, hematuria, cloud or foul smelling urine |
| what does the patient need to do after removing an indwelling catheter? | void within 8 hours and have it collected and measured |
| what should you tell a patient they may experience in their first void after catheter removal? | mild burning or discomfort |
| what should you document after removing an indwelling catheter? | time of removal, patient teaching, time and amout and characterisitcs of first void if completed, complete I & O record |
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