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68WM6-A&P 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which kidney is located lower in the back? | right |
| outer layer of kidney substance | cortex |
| inner portion of kidney | medulla |
| triangular divisions of medulla | pyramids |
| narrow, innermost end of renal pyramid | papilla |
| expansion of upper end of ureter which lies inside the kidney | renal pelvis |
| divisions of the renal pelvis | calyces |
| the microscopic units of the kidneys | nephrons |
| the two main divisions of a nephron | renal corpuscle, renal tubule |
| the two parts of the renal corpuscle | bowman's capsule, glomerulus |
| the cup shaped top of the renal corpuscle | bowman's capsule |
| the network of blood capillaries surrounded by bowman's capsule | glomerulus |
| the first segment of the renal tubule | proximal convoluted tubule |
| and extension of the proximal tubule, consisting of descending limb, loop, and ascending limb | loop of henle |
| the extension of the ascending limb of the loop of henle | distal convoluted tubule |
| straight extension of the distal convoluted tubule | collecting tubule |
| this hormone secreted by the kidney helps regulate blood pressure | renin |
| the hormone produced in this part of the kidney stimulates RBC production and maturation | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| 5 functions of the kidney | excrete toxins and nitrogenous wastes; regulate chemical levels; maintain water balance; regulate blood pressure; stimulate RBC production and maturation |
| three processes of urine formation | filtration, reabsorption, secretion |
| this process of urine formation takes place in the renal corpuscles; glomerular blood pressure forces water and dissolved substances out of the glomeruli into bowman's capsule | filtration |
| this process of urine formation involves the muovement of substances out of renal tubules into blood | reabsorption |
| this process of urine formation involves the movement of substances into urine in the distal and collecting tubules | secretion |
| this hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary regulates urinary volume output | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| narrow, long tubes with expanded upper end located inside the kidney and lined with mucous membrane | ureters |
| these structures drain urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder | ureters |
| the folds of the mucous membrane in the bladder | rugae |
| narrow tube from the urinary bladder to the exterior | urethra |
| extra function of the urethra in males only | passage of reproductive fluid |
| another word for urionation or voiding | micturition |
| the internal urinary sphincter is under ___________ control, and the external urinary sphincter is under _________ control | involuntary; voluntary |
| a condition is which urine is produced but not voided | urinary retention |
| a condition in which the bladder is normal but no urine is produced | urinary supression |
| a condition in which urine is voided involuntarily | incontinence |
| bladder infection | cystitis |
| need for frequent urination, also called interstitial cystitis | overactive bladder |
| mineralocorticoid that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium, and therefore, water | aldosterone |
| absence of urine | anuria |
| use of ultrasound waves to break up kidney stones without making an incision | lithotripsy |
| kidney disease | nephropathy |
| scanty amounts of urine | oliguria |
| kidney stones | renal calculi |
| pain caused by passage of a kidney stone | renal colic |
| the amount of a substance (such as glucose) that exceeds the amount that the kidneys are able to absorb, causing it to "leak" into the urine | renal threshold |
| smooth triangular area on the wall of the urinary bladder | trigone |
| high levels of nitrogen-containing waste products in the blood | uremia or uremic poisoning |
| essential reproduction organs of the male reproductive system | testes |
| accessory organs of the male reproductive system | ducts, sex glands, external genitals |
| these accessory organs of the male reproductive system are passageways that carry sperm from the testes to the exterior | ducts |
| these accessory organs of the male reproductive system produce protective and nutrient solutions for sperm | sex glands |
| the process of sperm production | spermatogenesis |
| this hormone produced by the testes masculinizes and promotes the development of male accessory organs | testosterone |
| single coiled tube about 6m in length that lies along the top and behind the testis in the scrotum | epididymus |
| receives sperm from the epididymis and transports them from the scrotal sac through the abdominal cavity | ductus (vas) deferens |
| mixture of sperm and accessory sex glands | semen |
| this accessory organ of the male reproductive system is shaped like a doghnut and is located below the bladder | prostate |
| these accessory organs of the male reproductive system are pea shaped glands that secrete mucous | bulbourethral (cowper's) glands |
| surgical removal of foreskin | circumcision |
| two dorsal columns of erectile tissue | corpora cavernosa |
| the ventral column of erectile tissue surrounding the urethra | corpus spongiosum |
| essential organs of the female reproductive system | ovaries (gonads) |
| accessory organs of the female reproductive system | ducts, sex glands, external genitals |
| this hormone produced by the ovaries causes develpment and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics | estrogen |
| approximately how many ovarian follicles does a female have at birth? | 1 million |
| approximately how many primary ovarian follicles does a female have at puberty? | 400,000 |
| this structure forms from the follicle after ovulation | corpus luteum |
| the meiotic cell division that produces daughter cells with equal chromosome numbers but unequal cytoplasm | oogenesis |
| the cells of the ovaries that produce estrogen | granulosa ceels |
| the structure that produces progesterone following ovulation | corpus luteum |
| the muscle layer of the uterus | myometrium |
| the layer of the uterus lost in menstruation | endometrium |
| end of repetetive menstrual cycles which occurs at approximately 45-50 years of age | menopause |
| glands of the vagina that secrete lubricating fluid | bartholin's glands |
| components of the vulva | mons pubis, clitoris, orifice of urethra, bartholin's gland, vagina, labia minora, labia majora, and hymen |
| area between the vaginal opening and anus | perineum |
| surgical cut to perineum during childbirth | episiotomy |
| length of average menstrual cycle | 28 days |
| the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the endomentrium is shed | menses |
| the phase of the menstrual cycle between menses and secretory phase | proliferative phase |
| the phase of the menstrual cycle between ovulation and the beginning of the next menses | secretory phase |
| specialized structure on the sperm containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum to allow entry | acrosome |
| absence of normal menstruation | amenorrhea |
| cavity | antrum |
| the pigmented ring around the nipple | areola |
| noncancerous enlargement of the prostate | benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| surgical removal of the foreskin | circumcision |
| erectile tissue located in the vestibule of the vagina | clitoris |
| two columns of erectile tissue found in the shaft of the penis | corpora cavernosa |
| the column of erictile tissue surrounding the urethra | corpus spongiosum |
| undescended testicles | cryptorchidism |
| tube that allows sperm to exit from the epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac into the abdominal cavity | vas deferens |
| a pregnancy outside the uterus | ectopic pregnancy |
| sudden discharge of semen from the body | ejaculation |
| tightly coiled tube that lies along the top and behind the testes where sperm mature | epididymis |
| fringe; fingerlike projections on the fallopian tubes | fimbriae |
| sex cell; sperm or ova | gamete |
| a mature ovum in its sac | graafian follicle |
| surgical removal of the uterus | hysterectomy |
| duct that drains milk secreting glands of the breast | lactiferous duct |
| the first menstrual cycle | menarche |
| immature stage of the femal sex cell | oocyte |
| production of female gametes | oogenesis |
| surgical removal of the ovaries | oophorectomy |
| release of an egg from the ovary | ovulation |
| inflammatory disease of the female reproductive tract | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| area between the vulva and the anus | perineum |
| another name for the foreskin | prepuce |
| surgical removal of all or part of the prostate | prostatectomy |
| prostate enlargement | prostatic hypertrophy |
| inflammation of the prostate | prostatitis |
| the resulting daugher cells from the primary spermatocyte undergoing meiosis | spermatid |
| precursors to sperm cells | spermatogonia |
| sperm cells | spermatozoa |
| tough, whitish membrane that surrounds each testis and divides the testis into lobules | tunica albuginea |
| fertilized ovum | zygote |
| the cells in the testes that secrete testosterone | interstitial cells |
| this gland secretes a thin, milky fluid that makes up about 30% of the seminal fluid | prostate gland |
| pair of gland that produce a thick, yellowish, fructose rich fluid that makes up about 60% of the seminal fluid | seminal vesicles |
| the most abundant body compound | water |
| water is ______ percent of body weight in males, _____ percent in females | 60, 50 |
| average volume in liters of water in a 70kg male | 40 |
| two major body fluid compartments | intracellular, extracellular |
| three types of extracellular fluid | interstitial, intravascular, transcellular |
| this type of extracellular fluid is found between cells | interstitial |
| this type of extracellular fluid is found in the vascular spaces (also called plasma) | intravascular |
| this type of fluid is found in a special compartment (lymph, CSF, eye humors) | transcellular |
| organic substances that do not break up or dissociate when placed in water solution | nonelectrolytes |
| compounds that break up or dissociate in water solution into ions | electrolytes |
| the dissociated particles of an electrolyte that carry an electrical charge | ions |
| most abundant and important extracellular cation | sodium |
| fluid output exceeds fluid intake | dehydration |
| fluid intake exeeds fluid output | overhydration |
| positively charged ion | cation |
| negatively charged ion | anion |
| buildup of extracellular fluid in interstitial spaces | edema |
| process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to low concentration | diffusion |
| pressure exerted by fluids | hydrostatic pressure |
| solution with a higher level of salt than is found in a living RBC | hypertonic |
| solution with a lower level of salt than is found in a living RBC | hypotonic |
| circulatory failure caused by a drop in blood volume that causes blood pressure to drop | hypovolemic shock |
| a solution that has the same salt concentration as the normal cell of the body and the blood | isotonic |
| movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis |
| primary regulator of water intake | thirst |
| most abundant cation in the intracellular fluid | potassium |
| most abundant ion in the body; found mostly in bones and teeth | calcium |
| main extracellular anion | chloride |
| extracellular anion that is important in the acid/base regulation of the body | bicarbonate |
| lower than normal blood sodium | hyponatremia |
| higher than normal blood sodium | hypernatremia |
| lower than normal blood potassium | hypokalemia |
| higher than normal blood potassium | hyperkalemia |
Created by:
ewoff85
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