Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
esjastad 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the prefix that means within | endo |
| the prefix that means outside | exo |
| the prefix that means increased/above | hyper |
| the prefix that means decreased/below | hypo |
| hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex | Corticoids |
| dwarfism caused by hypo secretion of the thyroid gland | cretinism |
| a condition caused by the hyper secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex | cushings syndrome |
| a condition resulting from hypo secretion of ADH (anti diuretic hormone) where large volumes of urine is formed | diabetes insipidus |
| results when the pancreatic islet cells secrete too little insulin resulting in hyperglycemia | diabetes mellitus |
| means secreting into the blood or tissue rather than into a duct; this system is ductless | endocrine |
| means secreting into a duct | exocrine |
| is an abnormal protrusion of the eyes | exopthalmos |
| a condition produced by hyper secretion of GH (growth hormone) during the early years of life | gigantism |
| hormones that influence carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism and is secreted by the adrenal cortex | glucocorticoids |
| the formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or fat compounds | glucogenesis |
| an enlargement of the thyroid gland | goiter |
| is an excess growth of hair especially in women | hirsutism |
| are substances secreted by an endocrine gland and transported in the blood | hormone |
| are hormones (most aldosterone) that influences mineral salt metabolism; secreted by the arenal cortex | mineralocorticoids |
| is a condition caused by a deficiency of throid hormone in adults | myxedema |
| set of glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland | parathroid glands |
| a group of naturally occurring fatty acids that affect many bodily functions | prostaglandins |
| organs or cells acted upon by a particular hormone | target cells |
| the masculinization of a female | virilism |
| what are the two body systems responsible for reuglating various body functions through communication and control? | the nervous system and endocrine system |
| this system provides brief control by fast traveling nerve impulses | nervous system |
| this system provides s lower but longer lasting control by way of hormones of which are chemicals that are secreted into and circulated by the blood | endocrine system |
| these have no ducts and they secrete hormones into body fluids that are dispersed into the intercellular spaces; hormones then diffuse directly into the bloodstream | endocrine glands |
| these secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity | exocrine glands |
| these can only act on cells that have a specific receptor to which it can attach; some primary functions are to regulate metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction, their actions affect acid-base and energy balances | hormones |
| what are the two major classes of hormones | nonsteroid, steroid |
| these work according to the second messenger mechanism, they bind to the cell membrane | nonsteroidal hormone |
| what commonly serves as the second messenger? | (cAMP) Whole proteins or shoter chains of amino acids |
| ATP is broken down (catalyzed) into cAMP, they activate the G protein after binding to the target cell's membrane, Cell shape alteration occurs | Nonsteroidal hormones |
| lipid soluble (passes through cell membrane), receptors are located in target cells nucleus, binds with DNA and activates specific genes, specific proteins that are synthesized may be enzymes or transport proteins, formed from cholesterol | steroid hormones |
| Which of the feedback systems is primarily at play with the endocrine system? | negative feedback |
| biochemical substances that act on cells within tissue, this substance does not travel | prostaglandins |
| what are the most well know prostaglandins, and what do prostaglandins influence | PGA, PGE, PGF (prostaglandin A, E, F), prostaglandins influence respirations, blood pressure, gi secretions, inflammation, reproductive system |
| what are the major endorcine glands? | hypthalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoid, adrenal, pancreas, male/female sex glands, thymus |
| anterior lobe controls 6 hormones, posterior lobe controls 2 hormones, attached to the base of the brain buried deep in the cranial cavity, sits in the sella turcica (a bony seat for this gland) | pituitary gland |
| the brain controls its activity, anterior lobe secretions are controlled by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus, posterior lobe secretions are controlled by nerve responses of the hypothalamus | pituitary gland |
| another term for anterior pituitary gland is? | adenohypophysis |
| another term for posterior pituitary gland is? | neurohypophysis |
| a stem like structure that attaches the gland to the outer surface of the brain, the structure attaches the pituitary body to the hypothalamus | pituitary stalk |
| the adenohypophsis of the pituitary gland has the structure of what type of gland? | endocrine gland |
| the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland has the structure of what system? | nervous system |
| what are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL). |
| what does TSH do? where does it come from and what controls TSH and where does TSH come from? | TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, TSH is released by the anterior pituitary gland. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) regulates TSH and it comes from the hypothalamus. |
| what does ACTH do and where does it come from? What controls ACTH and where does it come from? | ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) controls release and secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex. ACTH is controlled by CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) which comes from the hypothalamus. stress can increase its release. |
| what does FSH and LH do and where does it come from? | FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) in males controls sperm production, females egg growth. LH (luteinizing hormone) in males controles testosterone, in females controls release of the egg. Both of these come from the anterior pituitary gland |
| What does GH do and where does it come from? | GH (growth hormone) released by anterior pituitary gland, stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce, speeds the rate at which cells use carbohydrates, nutrients control its release (more released when insufficient). |
| What does PRL do and where does it come from? | PRL (prolactin) from anterior pituitatry gland, promotes milk production following the birth of an infant for females, the effects is less understoof for males. |
| what does ADH do and where does it come from? | ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the posterior pituiatary gland, produces its effect by causing the kidneys to conserve water. The hypothalamus regulates its secretion based on water in body fluids |
| What does OT do and where does it come from? | OT (oxytocin) posterior pituiatary gland, secreted by a womans body before and after she has a baby, stimulates contractions, stimulates release of milk into the breast ducts, infant suckling stimulates the release. |
| what causes diabetes insipidus? and what happens with this disease? | too little ADH release, results in at least 25L of clear urine out per day |
| this portion of the central nervous system is located beneath the thalamus at the base of the cerebrum | hypothalamus |
| Where is OT and ADH produced and where is it stored? | produced in the hypothalamus, stored in the pituitary stalk |
| What does the hypothalamus do? | controls posterior pituitary bland via nervous system, controls anterior pituitary by hormones (releasing and inhibiting hormones) |
| this is loacted below the larynx and consists of two broad lobes connected by an isthmus, stimulates the energy of all cells | thyroid |
| what does the thyroid release? | thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) calcitonin |
| this structure regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control the release of its hormones | thyroid |
| what does T3 and T4 do? | both act together to regulate energy metabolism, energy release carbs, protein synthesis, breakdown and mobilization of lipids. |
| lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions when they are too high, increases the rate at which calcium is stored in bones and excreted in urine, regulates with negative feedback | calcitonin |
| what are some terms that can be applied to problems with the thyroid? | goiter (enlarged), exopthalmic (eye bulge), hyperthyroid (overeating, restless) hypothyroid (lack of nergy, obese) |
| these four tiny strucutres are located on the posterior of the thyroid, tightly packed secretory cells covered by a thin capsule of connective tissue | parathyroid glands |
| what does the parathyroid do? | releases PTH (parathyroid hormone) antagonistic to calcitonin, increases blood calcium and decreases phosphate ion concentration, affects kidneys intestines and osteoclasts. causes more retention and absorption of calcium. |
| sits atop the kidneys, enclosed in a layer of fat, has a medulla, and a cortex, pyramid shaped | adrenal glands |
| what is the adrenal medulla made of? | made of neurons, sympathetic nervous system |
| what is the adrenal cortex made of? | epithelial cells |
| what is cortisol and where does it come from? | a glucocorticoid, influences metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat, promotes breakdown of tissue protein, acts with epi and nor epi to produce anti inflammatory response, secreted due to stress, comes from adrenal cortex |
| what does a mineralcorticoid do? | influences mineral salt metabolism in the blood |
| what is aldosterone and what does it do? | (chief mineralcoticoid) causes kidneys to conserve NA+ ions (sodium), and to excrete K+ ions (potassium), stimulates water retention by osmosis. |
| what does the adrenal medulla do? | releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, used in times of stress for fight flight reaction, released by nerve impulses from the CNS |
| acts as both an endocrine and exocrine gland, an elongated organ posterior to the stomach | pancreas |
| what are the endocrine portions of the pancreas called? | the islets of langerhans |
| the islets of langerhans has two cells types, what are they and what do they do? | alpha cells - secrete gluacagon, beta cells - secrete insulin. |
| what does glucagon do? | increases blood glucose by breaking down glycogen and conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose, blood sugar will increase |
| what does insulin do? | decreases the blood levels of glucose, stimulates liver to form glycogen increasing protein synthesis and stimulating fat storage, accelerates movement of glucose into cells. |
| what does the ovaries, testes, and placenta do in the endocrine system? | ovaries - estrogen and progesterone, testes- testosterone, placenta - estrogen, progesterone, gonadotropin. |
| this lies between the lungs under the sternum | thymus gland |
| what does the thymus gland do? | secretes thymosins which is responsible for the production of T lymphocytes |
| a temporary endocrine gland | the placenta |
| what does the placenta do? | releases estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropins, this keeps FSH levels down to keep the ovaries from releasing another egg. |
| located at the third ventricle of the brain resembles a pine nute. | pineal gland |
| what does the pineal gland do? | secretes melatonin, responds to changing light levels, called the third eye, makes you sleepy. |
| what can cause endocrine disorders? | tumors, hyper or hypo secretion, damaged receptors of taget cells, target cell insensitivity. |
| goiter results from what usually? | enlarged thyroid gland due to low dietary intake of iodine |
| when does cretinism develop and what are some signs? | cretinism is caused by hypoactive thyroid, stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, retarded mental development, low body temp, sluggishness |
| what are some pituitary gland disorders? | gigantism, dwarfism, acromegaly |
| what is gigantism caused by? | hypersecretion of GH during early years, growth to giant size |
| what is dwarfism caused by? | hyposecretion of growth hormone, small size |
| what is acromegaly caused by? | hypersecretion of GH after normal growth years, enlarged hands, feet, jaws, and cheeks |
| what causes cushing syndome? | hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones, retains too much salt, may cause masculine effects in females |
| what is addisons disease? | hyposecretion of adrenal cotical hormones, decreased NA+, high K+, dehydration, bronzed skin, low BP, low glucose |
| what is type 1 diabetes? | insulin dependent, apprears before age 20, autoimmune destroys the b cells of the pancreas, treatment by insulin or transplant islet b cells |
| what is type 2 diabetes? | non insulin dependent, body fails to recognize insulin made by b cells, usually obese. treatment diet, exercise, body weight. |
| what are the four P's associated with diabets? | polyuria, polyphagia, polydypsia, poor weight |
| what is another name for sensory neurons? | afferent neurons |
| delicate web like middle layer of meninges | arachnoid mater |
| nerve tracts in the spinal cord that carry information to the brain | ascending tracts |
| (visceral nervous system) portion of nervous system that regulates the activites of the internal orgrans (viscera) | autonomic nervous system |
| nerve fiber, conducts a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body | axon |
| brain and spinal cord make up this system | central nervous system |
| fluid in the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space of the meninges, and the central canal of the spinal cord | cerebrospinal fluid |
| process of a neuron that receives input from other neurons | dendrite |
| nerve tracts in the spinal cord that carry information from the brain to the muscles and glands | descending tracts |
| tough outer layer of meninges | dura mater |
| another name for motor neurons is | efferent neurons |
| a mass of neuron cell bodies usually outside the CNS is called | ganglia |
| the ridges or convolutions on the surface of the cerebrum separated by shallow grooves called a sulcus or a deep groove called a fissure are | gyri |
| membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord are | meninges |
| efferent neurons carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands are called | motor neurons |
| fatty material that forms a sheath like covering around some axons | Myelin |
| a nerve cell is called a | neuron |
| a chemical that an axon end secretes on an effector (muscle or gland) or another neuron is called | neurotransmitters |
| through sensation of changes in the internal and external environment, and the responses to those changes, the nervous system coordinates all other body systems to maintain homeostasis. this is called what? | nercous system homeostasis |
| the narrow gaps in the schwann cells (myelin sheath) that allow the impulse to conduct from gap to gap (saltatory conudction) and is thus sped up. what is the gaps name? | nodes of ranvier |
| portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the bran and sacral region of the spinal cord; most active under normal restful conditions and counterbalances sympathetic nervous system. | parasympathetic nervous system |
| portion of the nervous system outside the central nervous system | peripheral nervous system |
| inner layer of meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord is the | pia mater |
| cell surface structures that detect changes in the environment and transmite a signal to the inside of the neuron are called | receptors |
| the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of an undisturbed nerve cell membran is called | resting potential |
| a neuron that transmits an impulse from a receptor to the central nervous system | sensory neuron |
| portion of the central nervous system extending from the brain stem through the vertebral cord | spinal cord |
| space within the meninges between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater | subarachnoid space |
| shallow groove on the surface of the brain | sulcus |
| deep groove on the surface of the brain | fissure |
| portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, prepares the body for energy expending, stressful, or emergency situiations | sympathetic nervous system |
| a connection between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another neuron | synapse |
| what prevents a nerve cell from regenerating? | no centrioles, they cant regenerate |
| what are the three major sections of a neuron | cell body, axon, dendrites |
| what part of a neuron is highly branched off the cell body, main receptive surface, conducts signals toward the body | dendrites |
| what part of a neuron is slender abd cylindrical process that conducts nerve impulse away from the body | axon |
| what are the types of neurons | sensory, motor, and inter |
| these neurons carry messages to the central nervous system | sensory neurons, afferent neurons |
| these neurons are found only in the central nervous system where they connect neuron to neuron | interneurons |
| these neurons transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands | motor or efferent neurons |
| neurons vary in size from what to what? | 1mm to 1 meter in length |
| what is myelinated and unmyelinated | myelinated = white matter, unmyelinated - grey matter |
| this is a lipoprotein layer that insulates some axons, increaes the speed of conduction | myelin sheath |
| formed from the plasma membranes of specialized glial cells known as schwann cells | myelin |
| breaks or gaps between schwann cells are called | nodes of ranvier |
| what do glial or neuroglial cells do? | supports the nervous system |
| how does nerve impluses travel through the nodes of ranvier, whats it called, and how fast is it? | jumps gap to gap, saltatory conduction, 120 meter per second |
| how do impulses travel in unmyelinated neurons, and how fast is it? | continous conduction, 0.5 meters per second |
| at rest the outside of the membrane of a neuron is more _______ than the inside | positive |
| what moves into a neuron causing the action potential, or makes the cell membrane more positive than the outside. what moves out of the cell? | NA+ sodium moves in, K+ potassium moves out, this begins at one spot but spreads to adjacent areas on the membrane |
| what is the time called where a nerion cannot be stimulated? this usualy occurs after the passage of the action potential | refractory period |
| what does the refractory period do? | allows the neuron to reset, preventing the message from being transmitted backward along the membrane |
| what is the area called where neurons communicate with other neurons? | a synpase |
| what are the three parts of a synapse? | presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic neuron |
| in terms of synaptic conduction which is the transmitting neuron? | the presynaptic neuron |
| what is the tiny space between neurons called? | synaptic cleft |
| what diffuses causing the impulse to leap in a synapse? | neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
| in terms of synaptic conduction which is the receiving neuron? | postsynaptic neuron |
| the most numerous type of synapse is the | chemical synapse, neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and nor epinephrine |
| there are many types of neurotransmitters, name one from each side of the autonomic nervous system. | acetylcholine in the parasympathetic, norepinephrine in the sympathetic. |
| what type of synapse is used between smooth muscle cells where quick unfiform innervation is essential (located in cardiac muscle) | electrical synapse |
| what two factors influence the rate of conduction of an impulse? | axons diameter, presence or absence of a myelin sheath |
| this is the simplest of nerve pathways, mediates a reflex action, neurons do not pass directly to the brain but synapse in the spinal cord, | reflex arc |
| actions occur relatively quickly by activating spinal motor neruson without delay of routing to the brain, brain still receives the input while action occurs | reflex arc |
| what can cause disruptions of the neural pathways? | mutltiple sclerosis, guillian barre, peripheral nerve damage, emboli(CVA), anesthetics, opioids(morphine), NBC. |
| what do nbc nerve agents commonly do? | binds with acetylcholinesterase and prevents it from working properly. |
| high level brain functions take placer here, two large hemispheres, makes up 85% of the brains weight | Cerebrum |
| what is the exterior surface of the cerebrum called? | the cerebral cortex |
| convoluted, folded, grayish layer of cell bodies known as the gray matter, covers an underlyings mass of fibers called white matter | cerebrum |
| in the cerebrum how much of the cortical surface is hidden in folds? | 2/3 |
| part of the brain that plays a part in, impulse control, judgements, language production, working memory, motor function, sexual behavior, socialization, spontaneity; planning, controlling, coordinating, and executing behavior | frontal lobe |
| this part of the brain plays a role in integrating sensory information, knowledge of number and their relations, manipulation of objects, portions involved with spatial processing | parietal lobe |
| this part of the brain is the center for hearing, taste, smell, and sound. | temporal lobe |
| this part of the brain is for vision | occipital lobe |
| this part of the brain coordinates body movements, located at the lower back of the brain beaneath the occipital lobes, divided into lateral lobes | cerebellum |
| this part of the brain maintains posture and balance by controlling muscle tone and sensing the position of the limbs. | cerebellum |
| two rounded masses of gray tissue lying within the middle of the brain, its the main relay station for incoming sensory signal to the cerebral cortex and for outgoing motor signals | the thalamus |
| all sensory input to the brain connects to this part of the brain except the sense of smell. | thalamus |
| this part of the brain controls many vital drives, controls the autonomic nervous system and interacts closely with the pituitary gland. | the hypothalamus |
| what is the brain stem composed of, and what does it do? | resposible for sustaining basic fucntions of life (breathing, BP) composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| the top most structure of the brain stem, contains relay stations for neurons transmitting signals to the cerebral cortex as well as many refelex centers. | midbrain |
| relay and reflex centers for visual and auditory functions are located in what portion of the midbrain? | top portion |
| what portion of the midbrain is reflex and relay centers relating to pain, temperature, and touch, also some association with control of movement | bottom portion |
| located below the midbrain and in front of the cerebellum, connects each side of the cerebellum, serves as a relay station linking the cerebral cortex and medulla oblongota | the pons |
| long stalk like lowermost portion of the brain stem, sensory and motor nerve fibers cross connect as they pass through | medulla oblongota |
| at the top it is continous with the pons and midbrain, at the bottom it makes a gradual transition into the spinal cord at the foramen magnum | medulla oblongota |
| this extends from the medulla oblongata in the brain to near the cauda equina, ovoid shaped and has two enlarged regions. | the spinal cord |
| which regions of the spinal cord are enlarged? | the cervical and lumbar regions |
| how long is the spinal cord and where does it end? | 45cm long in men, 42 cm long in women, ends at L1-2 the cauda equina. |
| what are the three meninges that cover the spinal cord and brain? | dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater |
| where is cerebrospinal fluid found? | subarachnoid space |
| this contain both gray and white mater, each column or horn contains motor or sensory neurons | spinal cord |
| describe the gray mater in the spinal cord | H shaped internal mass surrounded by white mater |
| what is somatosensory organization divided into? | touch/proprioception/vibration sensory pathway/ pain/ temeperature sensory pathway |
| within somatosensory, how many neurons are utilized by the sensory pathways to get from the sensory receptors to the cerebral cortex | three different neurons |
| what protects the CNS? | cranial bones, vertebrae, and the meninges |
| outermost layer, its composed of tough white fibrous connective tissue, contains many blood vessels and nerves, and serves as the periosteum in the skull | dura mater |
| what does the dura mater do in the skull and in the spine, what is the space called between the dura mater and vertebrae? | in the skull the duramater is firmly attached to the bones and funcionts as the periosteum, in the spine its surrounded by adipose tissue for cushion, the space is called the epidural space |
| thing web like membrane that lacks blood vessels, located between dura and pia mater. | arachnoid membrane |
| CSF filled space between arachnoid and pia mater, a spinal tap (lumbar puncture) removes fluid from this space. | subarachnoid space |
| thin delicate innermost layer of the meninges attached to the organ surface, containes nerves and blood vessels | pia mater |
| clear watery fluid, reabsorbed into the blood of the dural sinuses, clear color less and odorless. | CSF |
| CSF is secreted by the | choroid plexuses in the walls of the ventricles |
| what does CSF do | cushions the brain and spinal cord, decreases its effective weight, compensates for intracranial volume changes |
| interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and bran stem, these spaces are filled with CSF. | ventriles |
| 31 pairs of symmetrically arranged nerves, containes sensory and motor roots (dorsal ventral) | PNS peripheral nervous system |
| the PNS can be divided into two subsystems | somatic, autonomic |
| subsystem of PNS, oversees concious activity, considered voluntary | somatic |
| subsystem of PNS, oversees unconscious activity, involuntary. | autonomic |
| subsystems of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic, parasympathetic |
| which autonomic subsystem is for fight or flight? | sympathetic |
| which autonomic subsystem is for relaxation? | parasympathetic |
| complete or partial loss of sense of smell | anosmia |
| absence of an eye | anopia |
| thin, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and iris (anterior chamber) | aqueous humor |
| inflammation of the eyelid margins | blepharitis |
| middle, vascualr layer of the eye | choroid |
| coiled tube in the inner ear | choclea |
| inflammation of the conjunctiva | conjuctivitis |
| the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber | cornea |
| a nerve that arises from the underside of the bran or the branstem | cranial nerve |
| double vision | diplopia |
| blindness in one half of the visual field common after a stroke | hemianopia |
| colored muscular part of the eye | iris |
| complex system of connecting chamgers and tubes of the inner ear | labyrinth |
| tear gland | lacrimal gland |
| tough outer protective layer of the eye | sclera |
| consists of the cranial and spinal nerve fibers that connects to the skin and skeletal muscles, conscious activities | SNS somatic nervous system |
| senses that stem from receptors associated with specialized sensory orgrans, nose eye ear tongue | special senses |
| eardrum | tympanic membrane |
| clear jellylike substance within the eye | vitreous humor |
| cranial nerves classified as sensory | olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear |
| cranial nerves classified as motor | oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, and hypoglossal |
| cranial nerves classified as both sensory and motor | trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus |
| which cranial nerve arises from the brain | olfactory |
| what are the cranial nerves | 1 olfactory, 2 optic, 3 oculomotor, 4 trochlear, 5 trigeminal, 6 abducens, 7 facial, 8 vestibulocochlear, 9 glossopharyngeal, 10 vagus, 11 spinal accessory, 12 hypoglossal |
Created by:
esjastad
Popular Nursing sets