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Bio123 exam#1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are endospores? | resistant walls surrounding the chromosome during harsh environmental conditions Metabolism halted Can tolerate extreme conditions and survive for years |
| What are nutritional modes of prokaryotes? | heterotrophic- absorption autotrophic- photosynthesis chemoautotrophic- from inorganic molecules |
| What are prokaryotic relationships with oxygen? | Obligate aerobes- req oxygen for cellular respiration obligate anaerobes- undergo fermentation facultative anaerobes- use both fermentation and cellular respiration |
| What are the prokaryotic relations with nitrogen? | are able to fix nitrogen directly or indirectly dependent on on others for usable nitrogen |
| What is the most widespread vector-carried disease? | It is bacteria known as lyme disease carried by ticks cause muscular, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders |
| How much bacteria is disease causing to humans? | half of all human diseases are caused by bacteria |
| Why are bacteria pathogenic? | due to the poisons produced by their cell walls |
| What do antibiotics target? | target bacterial cell walls and ribosomes that function in cell wall synthesis |
| What is the major benefit of prokaryotes in our ecosystem? | they are major decomposers and break down dead organisms and waste, returning their nutrients to the environment |
| What is the major benefit of cyanobacteria in our ecosystem? | they produce oxygen and serve as the base of many aquatic food chains |
| What is the major benefit of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in our ecosystem? | they convert nitrogen gas to a usable form |
| What are the importance of prokaryotes in humans? | They aid in digestions of food and lactic acid fermentation |
| What is bioremediation? | the use of organisms to degrade pollutants such as sewage treatments and oil spill clean ups |
| What is the process of recombinant DNA biotechnology? | 1. genes inserted into prokaryotic plasmid DNA 2. prokaryote replicated its DNA and transcribes and translates its genes into proteins 3. inserted gene gets replicated 4.Most efficient wat to produce lrg qnty of protein in short time |
| What are the types of bacteria in the phylogeny tree? | Spirochetes, chlamydias, high gc gram positive, cyanobacteria, low gc gram positives proteobacteria 1-5 |
| What are the types of archaea in the phylogeny tree? | crenarchaeota and eurarchaeota |
| What are spirochetes? | sprial shaped bacteria that can be parasitic such as lymes disease carried by ticks |
| What is chlamydias? | smallest group of bacteria, tiny gram- cocci, entirely parasitic |
| What are high GC gram positives? | also known as actinobacteria has high percentage of guanine and cytosine bacilli major decomposers of soil ex. tuberculosis |
| What is cyanobacteria? | photosynthetic live in aquatic habitats some are nitrogen-fixers |
| What is low GC gram positives? | also known as fimicutes low percentage of guanine and cytosine ex. lactobacillus and streptococcus |
| What are the two groupings of archaea? | crenarchaeota and euryarchaeota |
| What makes a euryarchaeota? | they live in high salt and high pH environments methanogens (produce methane as byproduct) anaerobic Part of archaean domain |
| What makes crenarchaeota? | they thrive in hot and acidic environments cold and high pressures hot and high pressures part of domain archaea |
| What are proteobacteria? | they are gram negative bacteria with all morphologies and nutritional modes. There are five types of proteobacteria. Please see paper for further details |
| When was the origin of eukaroytes? | 2.1 bya- began with an ancestral prokaryote |
| What features are part of the origins of eukaryotes? | endomembrane system- endoplasmic reticulum and golgi aparatus Nuclueus- dna surrounded by a nuclear envelope |
| What was the result of endosymbiosis by engulfing heterotrophic aerobic prokaryotes? | Gave rise to mitochondria beneficial for cellular respiration |
| What was the result of endosymbiosis by engulfing autotrophic prokaryotes? | Gave rise to chloroplast Beneficial for photosynthesis |
| What is endosymbiosis? | a smaller prokaryotic cell is engulfed by a larger cell with an endomembrane system and nucleus |
| What are some evidence of endosymbiosis? | both mitochondria and chloroplast have a double membrane, contain own dna, and replicate by binary fission proposed by lynn margulis |
| What are closely related to cyanobacteria? | chloroplast |
| What are closely related to alpha proteobacteria? | mitochondria |
| When was the origin of multicellularity? | 1.5 bya |
| What was the bridge between unicellular and multicellular organisms? | colonial organisms |
| What is the colonial connection? | began with ancestral unicellular flagellated eukaryotes that joined to form colony division of labor dependent of eachother for survival |
| What are protist in the phylogeny tree? | Eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi, or animals do not form true clade |
| What are the protist diversity? | most unicellular some colonial some multicellular some multinucleate some autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixtrophic most aquatic some terrestrial some live entirely w/in other organisms |
| What are protozoans? | animal-like protists |
| what are slime molds? | Fungus like protists |
| What are algae? | plant-like protists |
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