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Environmental Ethics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| human inequity is seen as the central problem to be overcome. it is also a reason for environmental decline. these people want a radical redistribution of wealth and power. | social ecologists, eco-anarchists, ecofeminists |
| want species variety. anthropocentrism is bad. | deep ecologists biocentrists land ethics people |
| by using democracy and free markets, environmental justice can be achieved. | liberals pragmatists reformist environmentalists |
| free markets ftw. | classical economists conservatives non-utilitarian benthamists |
| we must overturn industrial civilization (including industrial agriculture). | radical environmentalists eco-revolutionaries anarcho-primivatists |
| 'history informs us that direct action engenders as much support as opposition. in these desperate times its difficult to be both close to earth and optimistic about her future. the hope that remains is found in the minds of those who care and the hearts | t.o. hellenbach |
| 'the only way out is to dispense with the industrial-technological system altogether. this implies revolution' | ted kineski |
| 'the control of nature is a phrase conceived in arrogance, born of the neanderthal age of biology and philosophy.' | carson |
| 'the world, we are told, was made especially for man. men are astonished when they find this isn't true.' | muir |
| 'moral point of view' (who founed it and what does it mean) | founded by rawls. aka putting yourself in someone else's shoes. |
| population ecology analyzes what? | the factors that change the number of species. |
| normative ethics | how we OUGHT to act |
| metaphysics | analysis about how people JUSTIFY normative ethics. |
| two problems with utilitarianism. | 1. whose pleasure and pain counts. only humans? 2. how do you quantify pleasure? |
| pantheism | believes world is divine, nature is sacred, and people should respect it. |
| 3 holistic approaches to ethics | biocentrism, ecocentrism, deep ecology |
| 'conservation is getting nowhere because it's incompatible eiwh out abrahamic conception of land.' | leopold |
| what does am harris's 'ted talk' video say? | that you CAN derive ethics from facts (including science). |
| 3 aspects of green religion | 1. we can 'mine' abrahamic relgions for green aspects. 2. green religions demonstrate a 'nature as sacred' philosophy 3. green religions offer supernatural spiritual connections to nature. |
| categorical imperative | treat people as ends and not as objects |
| ethical relavitism. | it's not possible to make objective ethical judgements. |
| environmental justice | how social injustices are affected by environmental conditions |
| environmental racism | discrimination in environmental policy making |
| bioregionalism | decentralized community self-rule that relflect natural contours of ecosystems |
| social ecology | promotes social changes that could end environmental exploitation |
| hedonistic utilitarianism | absence of pain is univerally desired |
| radical environmentalism | dramatic displays of direction action in defense of nature |
| hedonistic utilitarianism | happiness that results from satisfaction of our DESIRES |
| reuther quote | 'we should unite demands of the womens movement with the ecological movement' |
| 2 things warren focused on | 1. INTERCONNECTIONS of feminism 2. logic of domination |
| logic of domination | when two groups are distinguished by 2 characteristics and hieracrchy is attributed to these |
| liberal feminism | locates discrimination |
| marxist feminism | says women are oppressed because of their domestic/depressed labor |
| radical feminism | women are oppressed b/c of gender/sexual differences |
| social feminism | complex social relationships oppress women |
| regan | animals have RIGHTS and these imply our moral obligations. *introduced concept of inherent value |
| passmore | wrote 'man's responsibility for nature' says current philosophies are attributed to the WESTERN TRADITION...we need to abandon this |
| passmore quote | 'only if men first learn to look at the world will they learn to care for it' |
| marietta | says ethical holism should focus on individuals |
| callicott | ontoligical primacy |
| categorical imperative | behavior should be determined by duty |
| mill | utilitarianist with similar views to bentham |
| val plumwood (dualisms) | 1. sees domination of women/nature conntected. 2. thought dualisms were bad. |
| natural law ethics | there are natural rights and principles, and these are derived from god's command |
| negative v. positive rights | neg: right not to kill you pos: right to live |
| puritan v. lockean model | puritan: wilderness must be tamed lockean: sees wilderness as a commodity to be owned |
| social ecology | connection btw social domination/domination ofn ature |
| bookchin quote | 'hierarchy could exist in a classless or stateless society' |
| bullard qt. | -national law journal: 'there is a racial divide in the way the us gov cleans up toxic waste sites and punishes polluters' |
| warwick fox quote | 'to the extent we perceive boundaries [between humans and nature], we fall short of ecological conciousness' |
| feinberg | animals have rights, plants don't (they lack cognitive equip) |
| blackstone | humans have a right to a livable environment. |
| blackstone qt | 'each person possesses human rights in virtue of the fact that he is human and the fact that those rights are essential in permitting him to live a human life' |
| pinchot | conservationist. almost all forest qts can be attributed to him |
| baxter: description and qt | conducted economic analysis of pollution and concluded a free market would yield 'greatest satisfaction' wrote 'people or penguins: the case for optimal pollution' |
| brian barry | said we should use nonrenewable resources now |
| rawls | theory of justice: 1. all indiv's have liberties 2. should be an equal distribution of burdens/benefits |
| goodpasture | we shouldn't restrict moral standing to ability to feel pain/pleasure |
| muir | preservationist |
| taylor developed what outlook | biocentric |
| taylor qt | 'to say it is a teleological center of life is to say that its internal functioning as well as external activities are all goal oriented' |
| sterba | biocentric pluralism |
| 3rd wave feminism qt | '3rd wave feminism is an integrative and transformative femism that moves us beyond the current debate over the four leading versions of feminism and makes a responsible ecological perspective central to feminist theory and practice' |
| cowles/clements | liked COMMUNITY, not indiv 'whole is greater than sum of parts' |
| kant ethics | human interests are superior to wants |
| cronan | wilderness is amyth |
| marsh | leave the wilderness alone; it will be preserved and unspoiled |
| botkin | rejects marsh's perspective says wilderness is dynamic, not static |
| rolston | when humans interfere w/ environment, rate of change increases |
| callicott and nelson ethics | wilderness idea is too important to be abandoned...we must look for a reformed idea of the wilderness that can guide environmental policy |
| haekel | coined ecology (study of household) |
| cOWles and clements | Organic model |
| tansley | introduced concept of an ecosystem, replaced organic model |
| elton | Funcitonal model |
| hume | distinction btw is and ought |
| importance of hetch hetchy. who were the key actors? | should we flood the valley? pinchot v. muir. |
| why does utilitarian tradition in the early 1900s rely on experts? do policy makers today still rely on experts? | because social scientists can calculate policy consequences. yes-policy makers today rely on ECONOMISTS. |
| what is legal mandate of us forest service today and what is its main practice? | legal mandate='multiple use' main practice=timber production |
| what does baxter mean by an 'optimal level' of pollution and how does this fit into a free market view? | the optimal level of pollution is the 'amount a society uses thoughtfully while puyrsuing the greatest satisfaction for its members.' he thinks a free market would yield this. [like a marginal cost/benefit curve] |
| according to MARKET UTILITARIANISM, what are the 3 main reasons to support a free market? | 1. promotes individual freedom 2. value of private property rights 3. market solutions line up with the philosophy |
| what are challenges to or problems with cost-benefit analysis? | there are some VALUES that can't be reduced to economic cost. |
| what did sagoff write? | the economy of the earth. |
| what are 3 challenges sagoff raises in the economy of the earth against economic analysis for environmental diagnosis and prescirptions? | 1. it reduces beliefs into wants 2. market analysis threatens the democratic process 3. he denies that economic analysis has any ethical basis at all. |
| when was limits to growth published? | 1972 |
| according to JD, have the current trends described in limits to growth continued? | although some have changed for the better, |
Created by:
tdash
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