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Micro2421 Test 4(2)
Chapter 13 from Microbiology:Principles and Explorations 7e Black
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy | Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host's cells. Drugs are produce naturally (antibiotic) or synthetically |
| Prophalaxis | Prevents infection |
| Antimicrobial | all inclusive |
| Antibiotic | produced by other living organisms(natural substance) |
| Synthetic Drugs | synthesized in the lab |
| Antibiotics are common metabolic products of... | aerobic bacteria and fungi. -bacteria in genera Streptomyces and Bacillus -Molds in genera Penicillium and Cephalosporium |
| Major Antimicrobial Drug Groups | Antibacterial drugs, Antifungal drugs, Antiprotozoan drugs, and Antiviral drugs |
| Selectively Toxic | Drugs should kill or inhibit microbial cells without simultaneously damaging host tissues. |
| Spectrum | range of activity of a drug |
| Narrow Spectrum | effective on a small range of microbes |
| Broad Spectrum | greatest range of activity |
| Mechanisms of Drug Action | 1.Inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2.Breakdown of cell membrane structure or function 3.Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis structure or function 4.Inhibition of protein synthesis 5.Blocks on key metabolic pathways |
| _________ and __________ block synthesis of petidoglycan, causing the cell wall to lyse. | Penicillins and cephalosporins |
| Antimicrobial Drugs That Disrupt Cell Membrane Function | Polymoxins; Amphotericin B and nystatin(antifungals) |
| Drugs that Affect Nucleic Acid Synthesis | Chloroquine, quinolones, and antiviral drugs |
| Drugs that Block Protein synthesis | Streptomycin, Erythromycin, and Tetracyclines |
| Drugs that Affect Metabolic Pathways | Sulfonamides and trimethoprim(bactrim) |
| Synergistic effect | the effects of a combination of antibiotics are greater than the sum of the effects of the individual antibiotics. |
| Agents to Treat Fungal Infections | *Fungal cells are eukaryotic; a drug that is toxic to fungal cells also toxic to human cells. i.e. amphotericin B and Nystatin |
| Antiparasitic Chemotherapy | Antimalarial drugs (quinine, chloroquinine), Antiprotozoan drugs (metronidazole[Flagyl], sulfonamides, tetracyclines) |
| Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents **Selective toxicity is almost impossible due to obligate intracellular parasitic nature of viruses | Oral and topical treatments for oral and genital herpes, chickenpox, and shingles i.e. Acyclovir(herpesvirus), Valtrex(herpesvirus) Drugs for treating HIV Infections and AIDS i.e. Azidothymidine (AZT), Protease inhibitor |
| Interferons | Human-based glycoprotein produced primarily by fibroblasts and leukocytes. |
| Therapeutic benefits include: | --Reduces healing time --Prevents or reduces symptoms of cold and papillomavirus --Slows progress of certain cancers --Treatment of hepatitis C, genital warts, and Kaposi's sarcoma --Autoimmune disorders |
| The Acquisition of Drug Resistance | Adaptive response in which microorganisms begins to tolerate an amount of drug that would ordinarily be inhibitory |
| Interactions between Drug and Host (Major Side Effects) | 1.Direct damage to tissue 2.Allergic reactions 3.Disruption of normal flora--superinfections possible |
| Side Effect | A Serious adverse reaction to the drug |
| Considerations in Selecting an Antimicrobial Drug | --Identify the microorganism causing the infection --Test the microorganism's susceptibility to various drugs in vitro when indicated --Overall medical condition of the patient |
| In vitro | in the lab |
| in vivo | in the body |
Created by:
krisw
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