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Hy - Essential Pharm
Hy - Essential Pharm - One-Liners
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Time it takes for amount of drug to fall to half of its value, constant in first order kinetics (majority of drugs) | Half-life (T1/2) |
| This step of metabolism makes drug more hydrophilic and hence augments elimination | Phase I |
| Inducers of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) | Barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and rifampin |
| Inhibitors of CYP450 | Cimetidine, ketoconazole, erythromycin, isoniazid and grapefruit |
| Ability of drug to produce a biologic effect | Efficacy |
| Mechanism of action (MOA) utilizes intracellular receptors | Thyroid and steroid hormones |
| MOA utilizes transmembrane receptors | Insulin |
| Antidote used for organophosphate/anticholinesterase poisoning | Atropine, pralidoxime (2-PAM) |
| Antidote used for acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity | N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) |
| Antidote used for heparin toxicity | Protamine |
| Antidote used for warfarin toxicity | Vitamin and Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) |
| Antidote for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), streptokinase | Aminocaproic acid |
| Antidote used for opioid toxicity | Naloxone (IV), naltrexone (PO) |
| Antidote used for benzodiazepine toxicity | Flumazenil |
| Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP | Allopurinol |
| May protect against doxorubicin toxic by scavenging free radicals | Dexrazoxane |
| Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis | Bleomycin |
| Interact with microtubules (but unlike vinca which prevent disassembly of tubules), it stabilizes tubulin and cells remain frozen in metaphase | Paclitaxel (taxol) |
| Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer | Tamoxifen |
| Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonist | Odansetron, granisetron |
| Dopamine (DA) agonist (for Parkinson's disease), used also for hyperprolactinemia | Bromocriptine |
| Hormone inhibiting prolactin release | Dopamine |
| ACTH analog used for diagnosis of patients with corticosteroid abnormality | Cosyntropin |
| Synthetic analog of ADH hormone used for diabetes insipidus and nocturnal enuresis | Desmopressin (DDAVP) |
| Most widely used thyroid drugs such as Synthroid and Levoxyl contain | L-thyroxine (T4) |
| Thioamide less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and should be used with extreme caution in pregnancy | PTU |
| PTU (propylthiouracil) MOA | Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking iodination of the tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin |
| Some side effects of corticosteroids | Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, inc. risk of infection, inc. appetite, HTN, edema, PUD, euphoria, psychosis |
| Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors | Spironolactone |
| Common SE of spironolactone | Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia |
| Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used for prevention of osteoporosis and currently being tested for treatment of breast cancer (Stars study) | Raloxifene |
| Non-steroidal estrogen agonist causes clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used it during pregnancy | Diethylstilbestrol (DES) |
| Converted to more active form DHT by 5 alpha-reductase | Testosterone |
| Drug is used with testosterone for male fertility | Leuprolide |
| Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin abuse | C-peptide |
| Exogenous insulin | Little C-peptide |
| Long acting insulin | Ultralente (humulin U) |
| Amino acid derivative | Nateglinide |
| Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA tx. | Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator) |
| Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption | Calcitonin (salmon prep) |
| Drug that causes contraction of the uterus | Oxytocin |
| Distribution of histamine receptors H1, H2, and H3 | Smooth muscle; stomach, heart, and mast cells; nerve endings, CNS respectively |
| Prototype antagonist of H1 and H2 receptors | Diphenhydramine and impromidine respectively |
| 1st generation antihistamine that is highly sedating | Diphendydramine |
| 2nd generation antihistamines | Fexofenadine, loratadine, and cetirizine |
| H2 blocker that causes the most interactions with other drugs | Cimetidine |
| " | |
| 5HT-1d agonist used for migraine headaches " | Sumatriptan, naratriptan, and rizatriptan |
| Agents for reduction of postpartum bleeding | Ergonovine and ergotamine |
| Agents used in treatment of carcinoid tumor | Ketanserin cyproheptadine, and phenoxybenzamine |
| "5HT-3 antagonist used in chemotherapeutic induced | |
| emesis " | "Ondansetron, granisetron, |
| dolasetron and alosetron " | |
| DOC of chemo induced nausea and vomiting | Odansetron |
| Ergot alkaloid used as an illicit drug | LSD |
| Dopamine agonist used in hyperprolactinemia | Bromocriptine |
| Mediator of tissue pain, edema, inactivated by ACE, and may be a contributing factor to the development of angioedema | Bradykinin |
| Drug causing depletion of substance P (vasodilator) | Capsaicin |
| Prostaglandins that cause abortions | Prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol) PGE2, and PGF2alpha |
| Inhibitor of lipoxygenase | Zileuton |
| Used in pediatrics to maintain patency of ductus arteriosis | PGE1 |
| Prostaglandin used in the treatment impotence | Alprostadil |
| MOA and effect of nitric oxide | Stimulates cGMP which leads to vascular smooth muscle relaxation |
| Muscarinic antagonist used in asthma | Ipratropium |
| MOA action of cromolyn | Mast cell stabilizer |
| SE of long term (>5 days) corticosteroid therapy and remedy | Adrenal suppression and weaning slowly, respectively |
| MOA of quinolones | Inhibit DNA gyrase |
| Drug used for MRSA | Vancomycin |
| Vancomycin MOA | Blocks peptidoglycan synthesis |
| Meningitis prophylaxis in exposed patients | Rifampin |
| Technique used to diagnose perianal itching, and the drug used to treat it | "Scotch tape technique |
| and mebendazole" | |
| MOA of sulfonamides | Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase |
| Cheap wide spectrum antibiotic DOC of otitis media | Amoxicillin |
| DOC for tx of pseudomembranous colitis | Metronidazole |
| Anemia caused by trimethoprim | Megaloblastic anemia |
| DOC for giardia, bacterial vaginosis, pseudomembranous colitis, and trichomonas | Metronidazole |
| Treatment for TB patients (think RIPE) | Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol |
| Common side effect of Rifampin | Red urine discoloration |
| DOC for influenza A | Amantadine |
| DOC for RSV | Ribavirin |
| HIV antiviral class known to have severe drug interactions by causing inhibition of metabolism | Protease inhibitors |
| Drug used for N. gonorrhea in females | Ceftriaxone |
| DOC for herpes and its MOA | Acyclovir and inhibits thymidine kinase Acyclovir and inhibits thymidine kinase |
| Anti-microbials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients | Sulfonamides |
| Anti-biotic frequently used for chronic UTI prophylaxis | sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim |
| Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses | REM is decreased |
| Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy | Ability to cross the placenta |
| Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects) | Flumazenil |
| Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS) | Ethanol |
| System that increases in activity with chronic exposure and may contribute to tolerance | MEOS |
| The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics | Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI) |
| Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic and partial seizures | Valproic acid and Phenytoin |
| Drugs of choice for absence seizures | Ethosuximide and valproic acid |
| Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures | Valproic acid |
| Anti-seizure drugs used also for pain of neuropathic orgin | Gabapentin |
| SE of phenytoin | Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia |
| DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics | Dantrolene |
| Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose | Flumazenil |
| Opioid associated with respiratory depression, but is used in high risk patients who may not survive full general anesthetia | Fentanyl |
| DOC for malignant hyperthermia by acting on the sacroplasmic reticulum or skeletal muscle | Dantrolene |
| Antipsychotics, reserpine at high doses, and MPTP (by-product of illicit meperidine analog) and is irreversible | Drug induced Parkinsonism |
| Side effects occuring in antipsychotics that block dopamine | Hyperprolactinemia, menorrhea, galactorrhea, confusion, mood changes, decreased sexual interest, and weight gain |
| Antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia | Risperidone |
| Atypical antipsychotic causing high prolactin levels | Risperidone |
| Drug used in neuroleptic malignant syndrome | Dantrolene |
| Antipsychotic having the strongest autonomic effects | Thioridazine |
| Agent having no effect on D2 receptors, blocks D4, reserved for resistant schizophrenia, and can cause agranulocytosis | Clozapine |
| Anti-psychotic not shown to cause tardive dyskinesia | Clozapine |
| Major route of elimination for Lithium | Kidneys |
| Patients being treated with lithium, who are dehydrated, or taking diuretics concurrently, could develop | Lithium toxicity |
| DOC for bipolar affective disorder | Lithium |
| SE of lithium | Tremor, sedation, ataxia, aphasia, thyroid enlargement, and reversible diabetes insipidus |
| TCA used in chronic pain, enuresis, and ADD | Imipramine |
| Heterocyclic antidepressants least likely to affect sexual performance, used for management of nicotine withdrawal, SE's include dizziness, dry mouth, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures | Bupropion |
| Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release | Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors |
| Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except | Miosis and constipation |
| Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states | Methadone |
| Opioid available trans-dermally | Fentanyl |
| Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema | Morphine |
| Moderate opioid agonists | Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone |
| Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA | Naloxone |
| Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs | Naltrexone |
| Readily detected markers that may assist in diagnosis of the cause of a drug overdose include | Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, body temperature, sweating, bowel signs, and pupillary responses |
| Leads to respiratory depression progressing to coma and death | Overdose of opioids |
| This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms to a recovering addict | Naloxone |
| "Date rape drug" | Flunitrazepam (rohypnol) |
| These agents are CNS depressants | Ethanol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines |
| Treatments available for nicotine addiction | Patches, gum, nasal spray, psychotherapy, and bupropion |
| THC is active ingredient, SE's include impairment of judgment, and reflexes, decreases in blood pressure and psychomotor performance occur | Marijuana |
| This agent has greater affinity for muscarinic receptors and used for postoperative and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention | Bethanechol |
| Toxicity of organophosphate: | DUMBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS, lacrimation, salivation, and sweating) |
| Treat manifestations of Parkinson's disease and EPS | Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl |
| Treatment of motion sickness | Scopolamine |
| Produce mydriasis and cycloplegia | Atropine, homatropine tropicamide |
| Bronchodilation in asthma and COPD | Ipratropium |
| Pneumonic for beta receptors | You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2) |
| This is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock | Epinephrine |
| These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestant, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion | Alpha1 agonists |
| Alpha 1 agonist toxicity | Hypertension |
| Selective Alpha 1 blocker used for hypertension, BPH, may cause first dose orthostatic hypotension | Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin |
| SelectiveB1 Receptor blockers that may be useful in treating patients with asthma | Acebutolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol |
| This beta blocker lacks local anesthetic activity (decreases protective reflexes and increases the risk of corneal ulceration) and used in treating glaucoma | Timolol |
| These Beta blockers decrease aqueous secretion | Timolol (nonselective), betaxolol (selective) |
| Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | Ace inhibitors |
| Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are | Ace inhibitors |
| SE of ACE inhibitors | Dry cough, hyperkalemia |
| Ace inhibitors are contraindicated in | pregnancy and with K+ |
| Losartan and valsartan block | Angiotensin receptor |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause | Dry cough |
| CCB contraindicated in CHF | Verapamil |
| SE of CCB | Constipation, edema, and headache |
| Reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand | Beta-blockers |
| Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers | Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol |
| SE of beta blockers | Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG) |
| Alpha 1selective blockers | Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending) |
| A1a-selective blocker used for BPH | Tamsulosin (Flomax) |
| SE of alpha blockers | Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia |
| Methyldopa is contraindicated in | Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects |
| SE of hydralazine | Lupus-like syndrome |
| Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma | Acetazolamide |
| SE of acetazolamide | Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine (which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia, acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients with hepatic impairment |
| Site of action of loop diuretics | Thick ascending limb |
| SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics | Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity |
| Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain | Calcium |
| Site of action of thiazide diuretics | Work at early distal convoluted tubule |
| SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics | Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia |
| Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit | Na+/K+ exchange |
| Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism | Spironolactone |
| SE of spironolactone | Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence |
| Osmotic diuretic used for increased intracranial pressure | Mannitol |
| ADH agonist used for pituitary diabetes insipidus | Desmopressin (DDAVP) |
| MOA of class I A (eg. Procainamide), class IB (eg. Lidocaine), and class IC (eg. Flecainide) antiarrhythmics | Sodium channel blockers |
| SE of procainamide | Lupus-like syndrome |
| Limiting side effect of Quinidine | Prolongs QT interval |
| DOC for management of acute Ventricular arrhythmias | Lidocaine |
| Life threatening cardiac event that prolong QT leads to | Torsades de pointes |
| MOA of sildenafil (Viagra) | Inhibits phosphodiesterase-5, enhancing effects of nitric oxide-activated increases in cGMP |
| MOA of nitrates | Relax vascular smooth muscle, at low doses dilate veins and at high doses dilate arterioles |
| Vitamin K dependent anticoagulant | Warfarin (PT) |
| Heparin (PTT) increases activity of | Antithrombin 3 |
| Antidote to reverse actions of heparin | Protamine sulfate |
| SE of Aspirin | GI bleeding |
| MOA of thrombolytics | Degradation of fibrin clots and are administered |
| Thrombolytics are used for | Pulmonary embolism and DVT |
| Agent for pernicious anemia | Cyanocobalamin (Vit B12) |
| Agent used for megaloblastic anemia (but does NOT reverse neurologic symptoms) and decrease neural tube defects during pregnancy | Folic acid |
| Agent used for anemias associated with renal failure | Erythropoietin |
| Drug or foods (grapefruit juice) that increase statin effect | Inhibit Cytochrome P450 3A4 |
| Monitoring parameter to obtain before initiation of STATINS | LFT's |
| Decreases liver triglycerol synthesis | Niacin |
| SE of niacin | Cutaneous flush |
| Fibrates (gemfibrozil) increase activity of | Lipoprotein lipase |
| Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus | Indomethacin |
| Acetaminophen only has | Antipyretic and analgesic activity |
| Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity | N-acetylcysteine |
| DMARDs are slow acting drugs for | Rheumatic disease |
| NSAIDS used in gout | Indomethacin and phenylbutazone |
| Allopurinol treats chronic gout by inhibiting | Xanthine oxidase |
Created by:
HY90X
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