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LECTURE A & P
LECTURE LAST......BUFFER, ENDOCRINE AND REPRODUCTION
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BURNS HOW DOES THE BODY RESPOND TO BURNS ON THE BODY? | DROP IN PLASMA AND RISE IN RBC'S |
| WHAT PRECAUTIONARY STEPS ARE TAKEN ON A BURN PATIENT? | ADD FLUID W/ ELECTROLYTES TO COMBAT SHOCK AND MONITOR VENOUS PRESSURE. |
| HOW MANY BUFFERS DOES THE BODY HAVE? | THREE |
| WHAT ARE THE NAMES OF THE BUFFERS IN THE BODY? | BICARBONATE BUFFER,PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM AND PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM. |
| DESCRIBE BICARBONATE BUFFER? | INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR |
| DESCRIBE PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM? | PLASMA AND INTRACELLULAR |
| DESCRIBE PHOSPHATE BUFFER? | INTRACELLUALR AND EXTRACELLUAR |
| WHATS THE FUNCTION OF BUFFERS | TO CONTROL PH |
| WHY IS BALANCING PH IN THE BODY IMPORTANT? | IMPORTANT FOR ENZYME REACTION |
| EXPLAIN AEROBIC RESPIRATION? | TOO MUCH O2 = CARBONIC ACID, NEED BUFFER SYSTEM |
| EXPLAIN ANAEROBIC RESPRIATION? | LACTIC ACID NEED BUFFER SYSTEM |
| EXPLAIN INCOMPLETE OXIDATION? | DO NOT DIGEST FATTY ACIDS PROPERLY END UP WITH ACIDIC KEYTONE BODIES. ACID ENVIRONMENT NEED BUFFER SYSTEM |
| EXPLAIN OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS? | H2 SO4 ALOT OF SULFURIC ACID NEED BUFFER SYSTEM |
| EXPLAIN CATABOLISM OF NUCLEIC ACIDS? | H3 PO4 TOO MANY PHOSPHORUS IONS. ACID ENVIRONMENT. NEED BUFFER SYSTEM |
| IN DEALING WIHT PROBLEMS OF PH, WHATS A STRONG ACID"WHAT DOES HYDROCHLORIC ACID BREAKS DOWN TO? | STRONG ACID HYDROGEN CHLORIDE; MORE COMPLETELY ONIZED |
| DEFINE WEAK ACID? | BIOCARBONATE BREAKS DOWN HYDROGEN = WEAK BASE BIOCARB; LESS COMPLETELY IONIZED |
| WHAT IS A STRONG BASE? | NA OH = SODIUM HYDROXIDE |
| WHAT IS A WEAK BASE? | NA2 HCO3 = SODIUM BI-CARBONATE; DOES NOT IONIZE WELL. |
| IN RESPIRATORY AND PH CONTROL H2C03 BICRABONIC ACID BREAKS DOWN INTO WHAT? | CO2 + H20 = CARBON DIOXIED AND WATER. |
| WHAT HAPPENS IF A PERSON GETS TOO MUCH EXERCISE? | IT WILL PRODUCE TOO MUCH CO2 WHICH WILL ACTIVATE THE RESPIRATORY CENTER BY(CAROTID AND AORTIC BODIES WHICH WILL INCREASE THE RATE OF BREATHING AND CO2 GOES DOWN AND PH GOES UP AND PH IS NOW BALANCED(HOMEOSTASIS) |
| DEFINE RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS? | RISE IN C02 WHICH THROWS YOU INTO HIGH CARBONIC ACID AND LOW PH |
| DEFINE METABOLIC ACIDOSIS? | ACCUMULATION OF OTHER ACIDS (HYDROCHLORIC) |
| DEFINE RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS? | DECREASE OF C02 OR LOSS OF H2C03(CARBONIC ACID) |
| DEFINE METABOLIC ALKALOSIS? | DECREASE IN HYDROGEN IONS H+ |
| WHAT CHEMICALS CONTROL THE KIDNEY? | HYDROGEN, AMMONIUM = AMMONIA H+NH3 = NH4 |
| WHAT PRODUCES INSULIN(HORMONE) BESIDES THE PANCRASE? | ALL THE CELLS OF THE BODY, THAT IS HOW THEY COMMUNICATE. |
| WHAT SYSTEM DOES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM SECRETES THROUGH? | THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM |
| THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONSIST OF WHAT TWO SYSTEMS? | ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE |
| WHAT IS PRODUCED BY THE THYROID GLAND AND WHY? | THYROXINE,TO TARGET ORGANS/CELLS TO REACT TO IT. |
| WHICH SYSTEM IS THE FASTEST AND WHY? | THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS FASTER IN MILI SEC. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TAKES MINUTES AND DAYS |
| WHICH SYSTEM IS THE LENGTH OF TIME IN THE REACTION OF THE NERV AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND WHY? | NEROUS SYSTEM REACTS IN SECONDS THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TAKES UP TO ONE MONTH TO REACT. |
| WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE CNS AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM? | CNS= NEURONS -VS- ENDOCRINE DUCTLESS GLANDS |
| WHAT INFLUENCES THE CNS -VS- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM? | CNS= MUSCLES & GLAND -VS- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM=METABLOLIC ACTIVITIE OF TARGET. |
| WHAT IS THE MECHANISMS OF CNS -VS- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM? | THE CNS = NEURONS, NERVE IMPULSES -VS- ENDOCRINE SYSTEM = HORMONES(NEGATIVE FEEDBACK) |
| DEFINE (ACTH) ? | PITUITARY + PARATHYROID = PROTEIN HORMONE |
| DEFINE STERIOD (ACTH)? | ADRENAL CORTICAL TROPHIC HORMONE; SYNTHESIZED FROM CHOLESTEROL (CORTISOL)AND SEVERAL SEX HORMONES. |
| WHAT CHEMICAL IS PRODUCED BY THE ADRENAL MEDULLA? | NORADRENALINE, WHICH IS SECRETED BY THE ADRENAL MEDULLA WHICH INCREASE B/P RATE. |
| DEFINE AMINE HORMONE? | Amine: A chemical compound containing nitrogen. Amines are derived from ammonia. (The name "amine" was derived from the word "ammonia.") |
| IN THE ACTION OF HORMONES WHICH GOES RIGHT INTO THE CELLS? | STEROIDS |
| IN THE ACTION OF STEROID HORMONES EXPLAIN HOW STEROIDS GOES RIGHT INTO THE CELLS? | IT PENETRATES THE CELL MEMBRANE AND ATTEACHES TO RECEPTOR, RECEPTOR COMPLEX,MOVES TO NUCLEUS AND ACTIVATES DNA GENES WHICH TURNS ON RNA TO PROTEIN HAVE ENZYME CONTROL. |
| HOW CAN STEROIDS MOVE SO RAPIDLY IN THE CELL? | ITS DUE TO SOLUBILITY IN LIPIDS. |
| WHAT ARE THE NAMES OF TWO HORMONES AND HOW DOES PRIMARY MESSENGER HORMONES WORK OUTSIDE OF THE CELL? | AIMES AND PROTEIN BOTH WORK OUTSIDE THE CELL BY, FIRST MESENGER OF SPECIFIC RECEPTORS IN CELL MEMBRANE OF TARGET CELL TURNS ON 2NDARY MSNGER(ADENYL CYCLASE, ATTACH G-PROTEIN,GOES THROUG CELL MEMBRANE. |
| WHAT HAPPENS AFTER G-PROTEIN GOES THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE TO GET TO THE BREAK DOWN OF CYCLIC ACID IN THE PROCES OF HORMONES WORKING FROM OUTSIDE THE CELL? | G-PROTEIN CATALIZES ATP DOWN TO CYCLIC AMP WHICH CHANGE IN CELLULAR PROCESS. |
| IN THE CHANGE OF CELLULAR PROCESS WHAT IS THE OUTCOME FROM THE CYCLE OF THE PRIMARY MESSENGER HORMONES? | ALTER PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE, ACTIVATES OTHER ENZYMES AND PROMOTE PROTEIN SYTHESIS. |
| DEFINE PROSTAGLANDINS? | MIMIC'S PROTEIN HORMONES |
| WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF PROSTAGLANDINS? | ITS A FATTY ACID W/RING AND APPEAR TO INFLUENCE ADENYL CYCLASE AND REGULATE cAMP |
| WHAT ARE SOME OF THE SIMULAR ACTIONS OF THE PROSTAGLANDINS? | DROP IN B/P,RISE IN B/P,STIMULATE UTERINE MUSCLES TO CONTRACT, INHIBIT GLANDULAR SECRETIONS OF STOMACH AND STIMULATE URINE PRODUCTION. |
| WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CASE OF TOO MANY HORMONES(THYROXINE/INSULIN ? | WILL BE DEACTIVATED/KNOCKED OUT BY THE KIDNEY AND LIVER. |
| WHAT HAPPENS IN THE EVENT OF KIDNEYU DISEASE(HEPATITIS? | INCREASE OF CONCENTRATION OF HORMONES AND WILL NOT TEAR DOWN ACCESS HORMONES. |
| EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF THE PITUITARY? | THE PITUITARY GLAND IS LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE BRAIN WHICH IS ENCLOSED IN SOLID BONE CALLED CERLATERSIKS AND CONTROLS THE HYPOTHALAMUS GLAND |
| WHAT CONTROLS THE PITUITARY GLAND? | THE BRAIN |
| WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR THE PITUITARY GLAND? | THE HYPOPHYSIS GLAND |
| P.377 | CAN BE EXPLAINED IN OUR STUDY GROUP. |
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE? | IT RELAYS MESSEGES FROM THE HYPOTHALMUS GLAND BY THE WAY OF THE PROTAL SYSTEM. |
| IN THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE BRAIN DEFINE GROWTH HORMONE? | (GH)PRODUCES THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE(TSH)WHICH CONTROLS THE THYROID. |
| IN THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE BRAIN WHAT THE FUNCTION OF THE ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE(ACTH)? | CONTROLS THE ADRENAL CORTEX(SECRETS HORMONES. |
| IN THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE BRAIN WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE? | (FSH) INFLUENCE THE OVARY FOR REPRODUCTION |
| IN THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE BRAIN WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LUTEINIZING HORMONE? | (L.H)HORMONE PRODUCED BY THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND THAT SITMULATES OVULATION,SECRETE MALE HORMONE(PROTESTERONE) AND TESTES AND CORPUS LUTEUM. |
| IN THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE BRAING WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF PROLACTIN? | INFLUENCES MILK PRODUCTION |
| IN THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE BRAIN DEFINE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE? | (ADH) INFLUENCE THE KIDNEY |
| IN THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE BRAIN DEFINE OXYTOCIN? | INFLUENCE MILK FLOW. |
| IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS WHAT HORMONES ARE SECRETED? | GROWHT HORMONES RELEASING FACTOR(GRF) AND SOMATOSTAIN INHIBITING FACTOR(GIH)THESE HORMONES INFLUENCE THE ANTERIOR PIUITARY. |
| WHAT EVENTS TAKE PLACE WHEN THE HYPOTHALAMUS GLAND HORMONES INFLUENCE THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND? | IT SECRETE GROWTH HORMONE(PROTEIN)CALLED SOMATOTROPIN. |
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DON'T HAVE ENOUGH SOMATOTROPIN HORMONE? | YOU WILL HAVE HYPOPITUITARY DWARFISM (PERFECT PROPORTION |
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU HAVE TOO MUCH SOMATOTROPIN HORMONE? | YOU WILL HAVE GIANTISM |
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU HAVE TOO MUCH SOMATOTROPIN AFTER YOU HAVE BECOME AN ADULT? | YOU WILL HAVE ACROMEGALY= LARGE EXTREMITIES |
| WHERE IS THE PINEAL GLAND LOCATED? | IN THE HEAD ATTACHED TO THE THALMUS |
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PINEAL GLAND? | IT SCRETES HORMONE:MELATONIN WHICH STIMULATES SECRETION OF RELEASING FACTORS FROM THE HYPOTHALMUS. |
| WHAT CONTROLS THE PINEAL GLAND AND HOW? | THE BRAIN CONTROLS THE PINEAL GLAND WHICH ACTIVATES THE GLAND TO SECRETE MELATONIN AND MAY BE INVLOVED W/CIRCARDIAN RHYTHMUS DAY & NIGHT CYCLES. |
| DEFINE THYMUS GLAND AND WHAT HORMONE DOES IT SECRETE? | PRODUCE T LYMPHOCYTES AND SECRETES THYMOSIN WHICH IS ENVOLVED WITH LYMPHOCYTES. THE THYMUS GLAND DECREASES IN SIZE WITH AGE. |
| WHAT TWO HORMONES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE THYROID GLAND? | 95%THYROXINE AND 5% TRIIODOTHYMONINE. |
| DESCRIBE THE HORMONE TRIIODOTHYMONINE? | ITS 5X POWERFUL THAN THYROXINE AND IT ONLY CONTAINS THREE IODINES TO THYROXINE'S 4. |
| WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE VERICAL LINE OF THE THYROID GLAND? | ISTHMUS |
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYMONINE HORMONE? | INCREASE CARBOHYDRATE METABLISM I.E. (GLYCOLYSIS)INCREASE PROTEIN(DNA,RNA),ACCELERATER GROWTH IN YOUNG CHILDREN AND STIMULATES ACTIVITY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM |
| WHAT HAPPENS IF A PERSON IS GIVEN TOO MUCH THYROXINE? | THEY WILL CONTRACT HYPERTHYROIDISM. |
| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CALCITONON? | REGULATES CALCIUM BY INCREASE IN OSTEOBLAST AND DECREASE IN OSTEOCLAST WHICH LOWERS CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD. |
| DEFINE HYPERTHYROIDISM? | OVRACTIVE THYROID |
| DEFINE HYPOTHYROIDISM? | ONDERACTIVE THYROID |
| WHAT DOES THE THYROID TEST PBI MEAN? | PROTEIN BOUND IODINE |
| WHAT DOES THE T3 THYROID TEST DETECT? | TRIIODOTHYRONINE UPTAKE |
| WHAT DOES THE T4 THYROID TEST DETECT? | THYROXINE IODINE TEST |
| WHAT DOES THE MOST POPULAR THRYROID TEST I131 DETECT? | RADIOACTIVE ABSORPTION OF THE THYROID GLAND |
| IN THYROID DISORDER DEFINE CRETINSIN? | (HYPO)IN INFANT(MENTAL RETARDATION)CAN BE CORRECTED W/IN ONE MONTH CORRECTION. |
| DEFINE GRAVES DISEASE? | (HYPER)HYPERACTIVE ,PROTRUDE EYES AND GOITER |
| DEFINE TOXIC GOITER? | TOO MUCH TSA FROM THE PITUITARY OVER ACTIVE GLAND, NEED TO REMOVE THYROID GLAND |
| DEFINE ENDEMIC? | SIMPLE GOITER W SHORTAGE OF IODINE. |
| DEFINE PARATHYROID? | LOCATED BEHIND THE THYROID, HUMANS HAVE 4 |
| WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR THE PARATHYROID GLAND? | (PTH)PARATHYROID HORMONE |
| IN THE PARATHYROID GLAND WHAT DOES CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS INFLUENCE? | INFLUENCES THE BONES, INTESTINES AND THE KIDNEYS. |
| DESCRIBE HYPER PARA THYROIDISM? | HORMONES LEVELS ARE UP, EXCESSIVE OSTEOCLAST ACIVITY(TOO MUCH CALCIUM TAKEN OUT OF BONE. |
| WHAT ARE SOME DISORDERS THAT IS DUE TO HYPER PARA THYROIDISM? | POROUS BONES,OSTEOITIS FIBRESA(FIBER FILLE PORE),CLACIUM DEPOSITED IN ABNORMAL PLACES AND KIDNEY STONES. |
| WHAT TREATMENTS CAN BE DONE FOR HEPERPARATHYROIDISM? | SURGERY(REMOVAL) |
| DEFINE HYPOTHYROIDISM? | LOW ACTIVITY |
| WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM? | MASSIVE INJECTIONS OF CALCIUM + VITAMIN D |
| WHAT TWO HORMONES ARE SECRETED BY THE PANCREASE? | GLUCAGON AND INSULIN |
| DEFINE GLUCAGON? | PROTEIN HORMONE WHICH STIMULATES LIVER TO CONVERT GLYCOGEN INTO GLUCOSE WHICH MAKES BLOOD SUGAR RISE. |
| DEFINE INSULIN? | PROTEIN HORMONE WHICH AIDS IN TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE INTO THE CELL WHICH LOWERS BLOOD SUGAR |
| DEFINE ADH? | DIABETES INSIPIDIUS(POST PITUITARY GLAND IS NOT WORKING PROPERLY. |
| DEFINE INSULIN? | DIABETES MELLITUS (PANCREAS IS NOT SCRETING ENOUGH INSULIN. |
| DEFINE DEIABETES MELLITUS? | INSULIN LEVEL IS LOW |
| WHAT IS DIABETES I? | SHORTAGE OF INSULIN IN THE PACREASE AND INSULIN INJECTIONS ARE NEEDED |
| WHAT IS DIABETES II? | ADULT CELLS ARE NOT SENSITIVE TO INSULIN PRODUCTION; TARGET ORGANS ARE OT EFFECTIVE, PERSON NEEDS MORE INSULIN. |
| P.390 | CAN BE DISCUSSED IN STUDY GROUP. |
| ADRENAL GLANDS CONTAINS WHAT? | THE CORTEX AND MEDULLA |
| DESCRIBE THE ADRENAL MEDULLA? | IT CONTAINS ADRENALIN WHICH SECRETES(EPINEPHRON) AND NONADRENALIN WHICH SECRETES (NOREPINEPHRON) = SIMILAR EFFECTS "FIGHT OR FLIGHT. |
| WHAT IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF TUMOR GROWHT? | TOO MUCH ADRENALIN AND NORADRENALIN = TOO MUCH "FIGHT OR FLIGH" |
| DEFINE ADERNAL CORTEX? | CONTAINS ALDOSTERON WHICH CONTROLS SODIUM REABSTORPTION IN THE KIDEY. |
| WHAT WOULD HAPPEN WITHOUT THE ADRENAL HORMONES? | AN INDIVIDAUL WILL DIE. |
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