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A & P Hopkins Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristic of living things: Movement | Change in position, motion |
| Characteristic of living things: Responsiveness | Reaction to change (external or internal) essential feature |
| Characteristic of living things: Growth | Increase in size, at some point in life |
| Characteristic of living things: Reproduction | production of new organisms and new cells (at some phase/RBC's can't reproduce |
| Characteristic of living things: Respiration | obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, releasing energy from food. (Breathing and metabolic processes creating energy) |
| Characteristic of living things: Digestion | Breakdown of food substances |
| Characteristic of living things: Absorption | Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids (bring into cells) |
| Characteristic of living things: Circulation | The movement of substances in body fluids |
| Characteristic of living things: Assimilation | the changing of absorbed substances into different substances |
| Characteristic of living things: Excretion | the removal of wastes |
| The organization of life: 1. (ammoc-tooo) | Atom - simplest form of matter i.e. hydrogen atom |
| The organization of life: 2. (ammoc-tooo) | Molecule - same type of atom or mixed i.e. glucose molecule, water molecule |
| The organization of life: 3. (ammoc-tooo) | Macromolecule - building blocks of living things i.e. protein molecule, dna molecule, glycogen (chain of glucose molecules) |
| The organization of life: 4. (ammoc-tooo) | Organelle - discreet structures within cells with specific function i.e. mitochondrion, golgi apparatus |
| The organization of life: 5. (ammoc-tooo) | Cell - discreet unit, smallest living structure that can be alive i.e. muscle cell, nerve cell |
| The organization of life: 6. (ammoc-tooo) | Tissue - loose connective tissue, muscle tissue |
| The organization of life: 7. (ammoc-tooo) | Organ - skin, femur, a muscle, a lymph node |
| The organization of life: 8. (ammoc-tooo) | Organ System - skeletal system, digestive system, alimentary canal, skin (capillaries in skin both integumentary and cardiovascular) |
| The organization of life: 9. (ammoc-tooo) | Organism - i.e. human, 1 individual |
| anatomy | study of structure |
| physiology | study of function |
| skeletal system | bones: provide structure, movement and protection |
| muscular system | all muscle tissue is for motion, muscles contract, provide stability for body and allow motion |
| nervous system | nerve impulses, signaling system, controlling mechanism |
| endocrine system | chemical impulses |
| cardiovascular system | distribution system, moves things long distances and in bulk |
| lymphatic system | part of circulatory system that picks up fluids that leak into tissues and transports it back into the blood. Spleen is part of the "lymph system" but not part of the lymphatic circulation |
| digestive system | ailimentary canal, liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
| respiatory system | gas exchange |
| urinary system | waste products collect in bladder and are excreted |
| reproductive system | responsible for making gametes and getting them together. |
| Homeostasis | fundamental concept of life. Body's maintenance of a stable internal environmentto keep cells alive. |
| Homeostatic receptors | provide information and detect changes |
| homeostatic control center | determines what a particular value should be and determines if value is within normal range |
| homeostatic effectors | causes responses to change internal environment |
| sweating in thermoregulation | water evaporates off skin and takes heat with it |
| shivering/vasoconstriction in thermoregulation | decreases blood near skin to prevent heat loss, shivering generates heat (putting on a coat not thermoregulatory-takes conscious thought) |
| positive feedback loop | few, childbirth, clotting. must have specific end point or else "explode". |
| standard anatomical position | facing forward, palms facing forward (like Jesus) ("their" left and right) |
| superior | toward head |
| inferior | away from head |
| anterior (ventral) | front |
| posterior (dorsal) | back |
| medial | towards mid-line |
| lateral | away from mid-line |
| ispilateral | same side |
| contralateral | opposite sides e.g. right and left thumbs |
| proximal | closer to e.g. arteries are proximal to heart |
| distal | farther from |
| superficial | closer to the surface |
| deep | towards core of body |
| sagittal, midsaggital or median plane | separates right and left sides |
| transverse or cross plane | separates top and bottom e.g. line across abdomin at umbellicus |
| coronal or frontal planes | line through head separating front and back |
| oblique | other planes |
| dorsal cavity | includes cranial cavity and vertebral canal |
| ventral cavity | includes thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| thoracic cavity | heart and lungs (right and left pleural cavities, pericardial cavities, mediastinum) |
| abdominopelvic cavity | includes abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity |
| axial portion | head, neck and trunk |
| appendicular portion | upper and lower extremities |
| Top three abdominopelvic regions | right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region (below/deep to cartilage and ribs) |
| middle three abdominopelvic regions | right lumbar region, umbillical region, left lumbar region |
| lower three abdominopelvic regions | right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region |
| serous membranes | line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Cover the organs and secrete slippery serous fluid between its parietal layer on the outside and the visceral layer on the inside |
| subatomic particles | what makes up an atom. Atoms are compsed of subatomic particles |
| protons | subatomic particle in nucleus with positive electrical charge |
| neutrons | subatomic particle in nucleus with no electrical charge |
| electrons | subatomic particle found in cloud/shells orbiting nucleus with negative electrical charge |
| atomic weight | the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom (electrons are too small to contribute to the weight of the atom) |
| matter | anything that takes up space and has mass/weight |
| element | composed of only one type of chemically identical atoms |
| atoms | smallest particle of an element |
| atomic number | just the number of the protons |
| Isotope | atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weight. (different number of neutrons) Unstable isotopes are radioactive, emit subatomic particles are are easy to trace in testing |
| electron shells | 2,8,8,etc.. electrons are happiest in even numbers and even happier with full shells. (lone H atom is a free radical and will react with everything it hits.) |
| ion | an atom that has gained or lost an electron. an electrically charged atom. atoms form ions to become stable. |
| cation | a POSITIVELY charged ion. Formed when an atom loses an electron. |
| anion | a NEGATIVELY charged ion. Formed when an atom gains an electron. |
| ionic bond | attraction between a cation and an anion. e.g. salt crystals. Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom. The molecule is loosely attracted by opposite charges |
| covalent bond | permanent chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons. (H atoms form single bonds, O form double, N form triple bonds, C forms four bonds(or2 double bonds) |
| molecules | particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine e.g. o2 |
| compound | particle formed when two or more different atoms chemically combine e.g. CO2 |
| molecular formulas | depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule. |
| structural formula | shows how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules |
| polar molecules | sharing is not always equal. Molecule with slightly pos. and slightly neg. end in covalent bond. e.g. water |
| hydrogen bond | a weak attraction between the pos end of one polar molecule and the neg end of another polar molecule. formed between water molecules. important for protein and nucleic acid structures |
| electrolytes | substances that release ions in water (dissolved ions) NaCl |
| acids | electrolytes that release H ions in water (HCl) |
| bases | substances that release ions that can combine with H atoms. NaOH |
| Salts | electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base (HCl + NaOH becomes H2O + NaCl) |
| mole | number of particles in 1 gram |
| pH scale | indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution (stomach acid 2, blood 7.4, urine 6-8) |
| neutral | pH 7, equal concentration of H and OH e.g. pure water |
| acidic | pH less than 7 but more H+ |
| basic or alkaline | pH greater than 7. more OH-, less H+ |
| organic molecules | contain C and H, larger than inorganic molecules, dissolve in water and organic liquids e.g. carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| inorganic molecules | generally do not contain C. smaller than organic, dissolve in water or react in water to release ions e.g. water, CO2, inorganic salts |
| water | most abundant compound in living material. 2/3 human made of water, major component body fluids, medium for metabolic reactions, transports, conducts heat |
| oxygen | used by mitochondria to release energy |
| carbon dioxide | waste product of metabolic reactions, must be removed from the body |
| inorganic salts | abundant in body fluids, source for necessary ions (Na, Cl, K, Ca), important in metabolic processes, abundant |
| condensation synthesis | removes water as a bond is formed (water is lost as a carbon chain is formed) |
| hydrolysis | breaking the bond apart by adding water, water cuts bond apart |
| Carbohydrates | provide energy to cells, water soluble, CHO, monomer= monosaccharide(glucose, fructose). polymer = disaccharide(sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharide glycogen and cellulose |
| Lipids | fats (triglycerides) used primarily for energy, contain c H O but less O than carbs (C57 H110 O6)building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids (unsaturated is BENT)(the oxygen end is hydrophillic) |
| triglyceride | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids/3 alcohol groups |
| phospholipid | 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group (hydrophillic). Major component of cell membrane. one hydrophilic side, one hydrophobic side. will form lipid bi-layer |
| saturated | fatty acids without double bonded carbons |
| unsaturated | fatty acids WITH double bonded carbons, bent |
| protein | are polymers of amino acids, structural meaterial, energy source, hormone, receptor, enzyme, antibodies, HELD TOGETHER WITH PEPTIDE BONDS (all have acid group) Have Nitrogen |
| short protein chain | peptide |
| long protein chain | amino acid (all have acid group) |
| what do proteins do? | stick to things and change shape |
| protein bonds | covalent, very strong |
| Nucleic acids | contain pattern for making proteins. genes, building blocks are nucleotides (3 parts :phosphate group, sugar (ribose&deoxyribose) and nitrogenous base) |
| protein primary structure | chain |
| protein secondary structure | coil |
| protein tertiary structure | 3D, pleated and coiled |
| protein quaternary structure | 2 or more peptide chains connected to form single molecule (hemoglobin) |
| rna | single strand |
| dna | double strand. Second strand is complement not a copy. The nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds (a-t and g-c) |
| atp | adenosine triphosphate, a nucleic acid that is the energy currency for cells (the bonds have a lot of energy and cause protein to change shape) |
| cells | smallest living thing. they are small to increase surface area so they can exchange materials with their surroundings (primary transportation in cells is diffusion) |
| all cells with nuclei | have identical genes, but not all genes turned on. Zygote is completely undifferentiated. Not all cells have nuclei. |
| cytosol | fluid within cell |
| cytoplasm | fluid plus organelles |
| cell membrane | selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer, water soluble heads form surface, water insuluble tails for interior, permeable to lipid soluble substances. Cholesterol stabilizes cell membrane:increases melting temp |
| proteins in cell membrane | receptors, pores, channels, carriers, enzymes, self-markers, CAMS cell adhesion molecules |
| intercellular junctions | proteins that attach one cell to another |
| tight junctions | close space between cells, like epithelial, located among cells that form linings |
| desmosomes | strong "spot welds" between cells (outer skin cells) |
| Gap junctions | functional connections, tubular channels between cells, in cardiac cells to carry electrical current |
| CAMS - Cell adhesion molecules | guide cells on the move, improtant for growth of embryonic tissue and for growth of nerve cells |
| ribosomes | mobile protein factories, make proteins, read messenger rna (free floating or connected to ER) |
| endoplasmic reticulum | connected, membrane bound sacs, canals and vesicles. transport system. |
| rough ER | studded with ribosomes, site of protein and lipid synthesis |
| smooth er | lipid synthesis, drug breakdown |
| golgi apparatus | group of flattened membrenous sacs. Packages and modifies protein |
| Mitochondria | membrenous sacs with inner partitions, generate energy, make atp, consume O2, have their own dna. like bacteria living within the cell. look like rod shaped bacteria |
| ribosome type 2 | mitochondrial ribosome, resemble bacteria |
| lysosomes | enzyme containing sacs, digest warn out cell parts and unwanted substances |
| peroxisomes | enzyme containing sacs that break down organis molecules |
| centrosomes | pair of centrioles. two rod shaped centrioles, used to produce cillia and distribute chromosomes in cell division |
| cilia | create current over the cell, short hair like projections, propel substances on surface of cell (mucus membranes, oral cavity, uterine tube) |
| flagellum | long tail-like projection, provides motility to sperm, really big, single strand cilium |
| vesicles | sac made of lipid bi-layer and holds anything the cell wants to put in it. |
| microfilaments and microtubules | thin rods and tubules, support cytoplasm, allows for movement of organelles, "cytoskeleton", gives cell its shape, can move whole cell by changing shape |
| cell nucleus | control center of cell |
| chromatin | unwound stage of dna, stores information for the synthesis of protein |
| nucleolus | dense collection of rna and proteins. Site of ribosome producion |
| nuclear envelope | porous double membrane (2 layer of lipid bi-layer with big holes. Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm. Pores allow ribosomes in and out |
| passive movement in and out of cell | simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration (uses pressure like BP)Most driven by concentration differences moving high to low. |
| simple diffusion | movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. |
| factors that affect the rate of diffusion | difference (gradient), distance between areas, holes for ions, viscosity of medium, molecular weight (water weighs 1/10 of what glucose weighs) |
| gene | a segment of dna that codes for a specific protein |
| osmosis | movement of water from a selectively permeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration. water moves toward the higher concentration of solutes |
| glycoprotein | compound composed of a carbohydrate and a protein |
| ions inside and outside cell | K+ inside and Na+ outside |
| solution | contains a solute (solid) and a solvent (liquid) |
| isotonic | same osmotic pressure. Cells are normally isotonic to their surroundings. solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell. |
| tonicity | strength of the solution |
| osmotic pressure | ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water. tendancy of water to move across gradient. osmotic pressure increases as the concentration on nonpermeable solutes increases (pulls water in) |
| hypertonic | higher osmotic pressure |
| hypotonic | lower osmotic pressure |
| crenation | cell shrinks |
| hemolysis | cell explodes, RBC cell that is. It is just lysis with other cells |
| filtration | pressure created by heart pumping, smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes, hydrostatic pressure important in the body, exchange that occurs at blood capillaries |
| what molecules can pass through cell membrane without help? | small, uncharged molecules (gasses, alcohol) |
| membrane protein: channel protein | gates, molecule specific tunnels that span the membrane |
| membrane protein: carrier protein | combine with only a certain type of molecule. facilitated transport and active transport (requires energy) both require carrier proteins |
| facilitated transport | substances pass through a carrier protein following the concentration gradient, does not require energy (ex glucose transporter has two conformations (shapes)and switches back and forth between the two, carrying the glucose across the membrane. |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or carrier molecule (glucose) |
| active transport | ions or molecules are moved across the membrane AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT from low to high concentration. (energy in form of ATP is required for the carrier protein to combine with the transported molecule)40% of metabolic rate |
| endocytosis | cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance. three types |
| pinocytosis | "cell drinking" substance is mostly water |
| phagocytosis | "cell eating" substance is a solid |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | requires the substance to bind to a membrane bound receptor |
| exocytosis | reverse of endocytosis, substance in vesicle fuse with cell wall and contents are released outside the cell e.g. release of neurotransmitters in nerve cells. (vessicle wall also lipid bi-layer) |
| transcytosis | endocytosis followed by exocytosis, transports a substance rapidly through a cell wall. e.g. fat absorption from diet, HIV crossing a cell layer |
Created by:
Merrill15888
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