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Micro final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Antony van leeuwenhoek | Made the first microscope. |
| Spontaneous Generation | Organisms can arise from none-living matter. |
| Francesco Redi | Helped disprove spontaneous generation and meat in the jar experiment. |
| Louis Pasteur | Father of modern microbiology, the swan-necked flask experiment. |
| John Tyndall | Contributed to the discovery of endospores. |
| Prokaryotes | Singled celled organism that does not contain a membrane bound nucleus, no true nucleus. |
| Eukaryotes | Complex cell with a membrane bound nucleus. Fungi,protozoa. |
| Bacteria | Prokaryote, no organelles and replicate by binary fission, motile. |
| Archaea | Prokaryote, found in extreme enviroments. |
| Eukarya | Eukaryote, have organelles,single or multicellular. |
| Fungi | Very diverse, eukarya, single cell is yeast multicellular is mold. |
| Protozoa | Single celled, usually motile, complex. No cell wall, water. |
| Viruses | At their simplest, nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.Non living. |
| Prions | Infectious protein.Non-living. Misfolded proteins. |
| Covalent Bond | Very strong and difficult to break. Formed when two atoms share electrons. |
| Ionic Bond | Occurs when one atom gives electrons to another atom. |
| Hydrogen Bond | The weakest, formed from + H towards - atoms. readily dissociates. |
| Proteins | Made up of amino acids, can be structural and act as enzymes. |
| Amino Acids | Held together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds. |
| Carbohydrates | Common energy Source, form bacterial walls and nucleic acids. |
| Light Microscopes | Light passes through the specimen, then through magnifying lenses. |
| Condenser | Focuses the light. |
| Iris diaphragm | Controls the amount of light. |
| Magnification | Ocular and objective lenses magnify the image. |
| Resolution | The ability to resolve 2 objects that are close together. |
| Refraction | Light passes from glass to air it bends. |
| Contrast | The number of visible shades in a specimen |
| Phase-Contrast Microscope | Amplifies differences in the refraction index to create contrast. |
| Interference Microscope | 2 light beams pass through the specimen then recombine. |
| Dark-Field Microscope | Light is directed toward the specimen at an angle. field is dark. |
| Fluorescence Microscope | UV light causes fluorescent molecules to emit light. |
| Electron transmission microscope | Shoots a beam of electrons at the specimen allowing to see inside. |
| Electron scanning microscope | Is used to see surface details. |
| Simple Staining | Using a single stain, everything will be the same color. |
| Differential Staining | Multiple stains, able to see the differences between objects. |
| Gram Stain step 1 | Primary stain, purple. |
| Gram stain step 2 | Iodine, hold the primary dye to cells, purple. |
| Gram stain step 3 | Alcohol. Gram + are purple, Gram - become colorless. |
| Gram stain step 4 | Adds color, Gram + are purple, Gram - are appear red. |
| Acid fast stain | Uses heat, used on Mycobacterium b/c waxy lipid coats hinders traditional staining. |
| Rod shaped | Bacillis |
| Spherical shaped | coccus |
| Cytoplasmic membrane | Composed of lipids with protein, semi permeable membrane defines boundary of cell. |
| Osmosis | Water flow across membrane, towards higher concentration. |
| Active transport | A transport protein moves against concentration gradient, energy used. |
| Flegella | Long protein appendage acts like an outboard motor. |
| Pilli | Protein appendage small used for attachment. |
| Chromosomes | Contains genetic information of the cell. |
| Plasmids | Small, Extra-chromosomal DNA, aid in survival. |
| Ribosomes | Proteins that carry out translation |
| Endospores | Very resistant form of life. |
| Hyphae | Filaments of lots of cells. Septate or nonseptate. |
| Fungi Characteristics | Are nonphotosynthic, exist as yeasts or molds. Cell walls have chitin cell membrane have sterols. |
| Dimorphic fungi | Many pathogenic fungi are, can be yeast or mold depending on temp. |
| Zygomycetes | Nonseptate, Asexual=Sporangiospores Sexual=Zgospores |
| Ascomycetes | Septate, Asexula=condidia and budding Sexual=Acospores |
| Conidia | Asexual spores borne on hyphae |
| Deuteromycetes | Septate, Asexual=Budding Sexual=Absent or unknown |
| Basidiomycetes | Septate, Asexual=Conidia Sexual=Basidiospores |
| Superficial infection | On hair. |
| Cutaneous infection | Infection of the skin. |
| Subcutaneous infection | Deeper than skin infection. |
| Systemic infection | Desease, lungs/blood |
| Opportunistic infection | People with a deficiency are more likely. |
| Susceptible to fungal infections | Anything that decreases immune function will increase risk of infection. |
| Protozoa Trophozoite | Vegetative or feeding form. |
| Protozoa Cyst | Resting form. |
| Sarcodinia | Amebas, move by pseudopodia. |
| Mastigophora | Flagellates, move by flagella. |
| Ciliophora | Ciliates, move by cilia coating cell. |
| Apicomplexa | Sporozoa, are inteacellular parasites. |
| Mechanical Vectors | Insect pick up a pathogen and contaminates food that is eaten by a human. |
| Biological Vectors | The vector is a host for the organism before transfer to humans via a bite, ingested. |
| Helminthes | Multicellular and complex organisms. |
| Definitive host | Harbors adult worms, is the host which sexual reproduction takes place; eggs. |
| Intermediate host | Harbors larval forms; asexual reproduction may take place. |
| Nematodes | Have long, round, narrow bodies. egg or lavae can be infectious unit, round worms. |
| Cestodes | Tapeworms, Cysticercosis=ingestion of eggs, no intermediate. |
| Trematodes | Flukes, Leaf-shaped, Larvae burrow into snails. intermediate host. |
| Latent Cycles | Viral nucleic acid intergrates into the host cell genome and lays dormant. Host cell=lysogenized. virus=prophage. |
| Eclipse period | Time from virus existance to first assembly of virrion. |
| Latent period | Time virron is detected outside the cell. |
| Chronic infection | signs and symptoms may go away but the virus can still be detected. |
| Viruses and cancer | Some viruses can transform cells making them cancerous. |
| Normal cells | Contact inhibition, anchorage dependence, limited lifespan. |
| Cancer cells | No contact, no anchorage dependence, grow like bacteria, immortal. |
| Exoenzymes | Large molecule must be broken down outside of the cell and then imported into the cell for metabolism. |
| Simple diffusion | Flows down a concentration gradient, water. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Flows down a concentration, but it is by a transport protein such as permease. |
| Active Transport | Flows against a concentration gradient, mediated by a transport protein, requires energy. |
| Group translocation | Mediated by a transport protein, very important to bacteria. |
| Catabolism | Reactions that break down molecules into smaller building blocks. |
| Anabolism | Reactions that use energy to make larger molecules out of smaller ones. |
| Exergonic reactions | Release energy. |
| Endergonic reastions | Use energy. |
| Features of enzymes | Protein catalyst, very specific, lowers the activation energy. |
| Substrate level phosphorylation | Makes ATP, uses chemical energy, an organic compound is the final electron acceptor. |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Makes ATP, uses energy from proton motive force. electron transport chain, respiration. |
| Photophosphorylation | Makes ATP, uses energy from light, uncommon in bacteria. |
| Oxidation-Reduction reaction | LEO the lion says GER. |
| Respiration | Uses the electron transport chain, uses reducing power to generate ATP. |
| Aerobic Respiration | Makes the most ATP, oxygen is the final electron acceptor, makes oxygen radicals. |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Makes a little less ATP, An inorganic molecule other than oxygen is the final electron acceptor, Sulfur |
| ATP Synthase | Permits protons to flow back into the cell, harvesting the energy to synthesize ATP. |
| Fermentation | The worst at making ATP. |
| Generation Time | The time it takes for the population to double. |
| All macromolecules can be Broken down for energy. | True. |
| Bacteria divide by binary fission | True. |
| Pure Culture | A population of cells derived from a single cell, making them identical. |
| Culture media | Can be broth, liquid, or solid, agar, form. |
| Broth | Liquid, used for large cultures. |
| Agar | Solid, used to isolate colonies. |
| Streak-plate method | Simplest and most commonly used bacterial isolation technique. |
| Lag phase | first phase, cells are preparing for growth but not dividing yet |
| Log phase | second phase, exponential growth, active division. |
| Stationary phase | Third phase,Cells have nearly used up all nutrients, cell death=cell division. |
| Death phase | last phase, no more division. cells are dying exponentially. |
| Environmental factors | Influence growth, Temp oxygen PH water. |
| Obligate aerobe | Requires oxygen |
| Obligate anaerobe | Cannot, under any circumstances grow in the presence of oxygen. |
| Facultative anaerobe | Can grow without oxygen, but grows better with it. |
| Microaerophile | Needs a little oxygen. |
| Aerotolerant anaerobes | Always grows anaerobically, regardless of the presence of oxygen. |
| Capnophiles | Need increased carbon dioxide. |
| Catalase and superoxide dismutase | Detoxify oxygen at the end of arobic respiration. |
| Neutrophiles | Prefer a PH range around 7 |
| Acidophiles | Like acidic ph, below 5.5 best. |
| Alkylophiles | Like basic ph, above 8.5 best. |
| Water | Halophines grow in high salt concentration. |
| Nutritional factors | Influence growth. |
| Required elements | CHNOPS |
| Heterotroph | Use organic carbon as a nutrient source. |
| Autotroph | Inorganic carbon, use carbon dioxide. |
| Phototrophs | Derive energy from sunlight. |
| Chemolitho | Inorganic compounds. |
| Chemoorgano | organic compounds. |
| Chemically defined media | You know exactly what is in it, specified to individual species. |
| Complex media | You do not know exactly what is in it. Very nutrient rich. |
| Selective media | Allows one type of bacteria to grow while inhibiting the growth of another. selects growth. |
| Differential media | Does not inhibit growth, gives a visual cue to see the difference between species. |
| DNA | The master blue print of the cell. |
| Genome | Complete set of genetic information of the cell. |
| Individual deoxyribonucleotides | 5 Carbon sugar, Nitrogenous base A,T,G, or c, 3 OH, 5 PO4, |
| Adenine and Guanine | Purine |
| Thymine and Cytosine | Pyrimidine |
| DNA replication | Makes an exact copy of the genome. |
| Leading Strand | Replicated continuously, moves toward the replication fork. |
| Lagging Strand | Replicated discontinuously, moves away from the replication fork. |
| Transcription | In nucleus, carried out by RNA polymerase. |
| Promoter | Tells the sigma factor of RNA polymerase where to start. |
| Terminator | Tells the sigma factor of RNA polymerase where to stop. |
| Translation | In cytoplasm, carried out by ribosomes, rRNA, tRNA. |
| Ribosomes | Proteins, 2 subunits 30'S 50'S |
| rRNA | A type of RNA that complexes with the ribosome proteins. |
| tRNA | Acts as a bridge between mRNA and growing protein chain. carries amino acid for each codon. |
| Codons | Groups of 3 nucleotides. |
| AUG | The Start codon for Every protein. |
| Constitutive enzyme class | Always synthesized. |
| Inducible enzyme class | Not regularly produced, usually off but can be turned on in certain conditions. |
| Repressible enzyme class | Usually on but can be turned off. |
| Repressor | Blocks transcription, binds to a sequence of DNA called a operator-downstream of the promoter. |
| Activators | Turn on transcription, activator binding site-upstream of the promotor. |
| Inducers | Can bind to either repressors or activators, inhibiting or promoting their ability to bind to DNA. |
| Operons | Sets of genes that include an operator, promotor, and structual genes. Metabolism |
| Proofreading | A function of DNA polymerase. it will fix its own mistakes. |
| Mismatch repair | A different set of enzymes recognizes the mistake, cuts out the mistake and repairs. |
| Transformation | The transfer of naked DNA-donor dies |
| Transduction | The transfer of DNA by a virus, donor dies |
| Conjuction | The transfer of DNA using a pilus, donor survives. |
| Antiseptic | A disinfectant that is nontoxic enough to be used on skin. |
| Bactericidal | Kill bacteria |
| Bacteriostatic | Prevents the growth of, but does not kill. |
| Disinfectant | A chemical used to destroy many microorganisms and viruses. |
| Pasteurization | A brief heat treatment used to reduce the number of spoilage organisms. |
| Sterilant | A chemical used to destroy all microorganisms and viruses in a product rendering it sterile. |
| Sterile | Completely free of all microorganisms and viruses, an absolute term. |
| Sterilization | The process of destroying all microorganisms and viruses through physical or chemical means. |
| Physical Agents | Heat, cold, radiation, filtration, high pressure. |
| Moist heat | Includes pressurized steam, boiling and pasteurization. |
| Pressurized steam | Sterilant. |
| Pasteurization | Disinfectant. |
| Boiling | Disinfectant. |
| Dry heat | Less efficient way to sterilize. Charring everything. |
| Cold | More for preservation, freezing kills tapeworm cysts. |
| Ionizing radiation | X rays and gamma rays, lots of power, sterilant. |
| Non-ionizing radiation | Ultraviolet, less power, not able to penetrate. |
| Filtration | Good for sterilizing solutions that need to retain biological activity. |
| High Pressure | Up to 130,000 psi. |
| Chemical Agents | Used to treat inanimate objects. |
| Alkylating Agents | Bactericidal, used for sterilization. |
| Oxidizing Agents | Irreversible, bactericidal, common disinfectants. |
| Heavy Metals | Reversible, bacteriostatic, silver nitrate used on newborns. |
| Biguanides | Bacteriostatic, used extensively as an antiseptic. |
| Phenols | First antiseptic, penetrates and disrupts membranes. Disinfectants. |
| Cationic detergents | Quats, skin antiseptic and general disinfectants, |
| Anionic detergents | Soaps, Hydrophobic end enters the membrane and disrupts it causing lysis. |
| Antibiotics | Derived from naturally from molds or bacteria. |
| Alexander Fleming | Discovered penicillin. |
| Inhibit | Bacteriostatic. |
| Kill | Bactericidal. |
| Narrow spectrum | Work on a narrow range of organisms, gram + or gram - only. |
| Broad Spectrum | Work on a broad range of organisms,Gram + and Gram - |
| Ideal Antibiotic | Broad spectrum, prevent resistance, no bad effects, not destroy normal flora. |
| Adverse effects of antibiotics | Allergic reactions, toxic effects, suppression of normal flora. |
| Bacitracin | Cell wall inhibitor, Bactericidal. |
| Vancomysin | Stops cross-linking,Bactericidal. |
| Antimycobacterial drugs | Thick lipid-rich waxy outer layer, isoniazid and ethambutol. |
| Aminoglycosides | Targets 30s subunit, translation inhibitor, Bactericidal. |
| Tetracyclines | Targets 30s subunit, translation inhibitor, bacteriostatic. |
| Mls Antibiotics | Targets 50s subunit, translation inhibitor, bacteriostatic. macrolides lincosamides, streptogramins. |
| Chloramphenicol | Target 50s subunit, translation inhibitor, bacteriostatic |
| Oxazolidinones | Target 50s subunit, translation inhibitor, Bacteriostatic |
| Rifamycin | Target RNA polymerase, Transcription inhibitor, Bactericidal. |
| Quinolones | DNA antibiotic, target enzyme DNA gyrase, bactericidal. |
| Antimetabolites | Sulfonamides and trimethoprim, both inhibit folic acid synthesis, Bacteriostatic. |
| Membrane Antibiotics | Cyclic polypeptide polymixin, detergent. |
| Origin of Antibiotic resistance | Natural mutation(vertical) is minor. Transfer is horizontal is major. |
| Polyenenes | Binds to ergosterol. |
| Azoles | Prevents the production of ergosterol. |
| Allyamines | Prevent the production of ergosterol by inhibiting squalene epoxidase. |
| Echinocandins | Bind to B-glucans to destabilize the wall. |
| Flucytosine | Replaces vracil in RNA creating mispairing and mutations. |
| Griseofulvin | Interacts with microtublules inhibiting mitosis. |
| Antiparasitic drugs | Interfere of protozoan parasites or neuromuscular function of worms. |
| Antibiotics | Have no effect on viral infections. |
| Nucleoside analogues | Viral nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor. |
| Antigenic shift | Radical change, genomic reassortment. |
| Antigenic Drift | point mutation, small changes overtime. |
Created by:
Shelby.Wessling
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